Tagged: law

Law 27: Who cares about a President’s feelings? Public figures and speech

A “more broad-minded society” is a content-based concept, and not all people will agree on what its content is, what that society will or should look like. Therefore, if one opposed this concept to free speech, one would ask the prevailing of some particular content over freedom. By the same token, one could say “we need to balance free speech with the good.” As we are all (supposed to) look for the good, the good is a higher value than free speech; however, it is precisely because “the good” knows of no universal definition upon which everyone would agree that free speech must not be balanced with the good, as it then would be balanced by content-based concepts imposed by some on others. Therefore, the most broad-minded society is the society where speech is freest, and not at all a society where some speech is suppressed in the name of broad-mindedness.

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Some scholars want to use the feelings of victims to justify speech suppression. Victims are much more under the effect of their feelings than ordinary people, they are overwhelmed by grief; therefore, when the same scholars say such things as: through emotions “the private self overrules the public self in our decision-making,” why do they not apply this reasoning to victims and on the contrary use victims’ feelings as a good reason for suppressing or limiting speech? By their own reasoning, aggrieved victims being under the effect of emotions, there should be some social, legal check that prevents them from making decisions, for example re speech, based on the private rather than the public self. These scholars’ concepts are inconsistent. The difference between a private self and a public self is nonexistent.

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“I can’t be that rare.” This phrasing does not support the idea that the generalization the author is making is substantiated by facts. It is only her feeling; but a feeling is worthless as far as facts are concerned, so if this is the only reason why she writes “here’s how I know” that Republican women have abortions too, namely because she, a Republican woman, had an abortion and she “can’t be that rare,” then the whole thing is ridiculous, and therefore she is rarer than she thinks in my opinion.

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The Biden administration has just canceled the position of one of its officials, Sam B., charged (twice) with stealing luggage at the airport. A deputy assistant secretary stealing luggage. Let it sink in. Now we all know that if you take a plane at the same airport as a deputy assistant secretary from the Biden administration, you might never see your luggage again.

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“Former Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan faces controversy. An alleged phone recording between him and a woman has gone viral in which the PTI chief can be heard making ‘lewd’, and ‘vulgar’ remarks. The ‘leaked’ audio tape has kicked up a political storm in Pakistan as Khan is rallying for a return to the PM post in next year’s general elections.” (Hindustan Times, YouTube, Dec 20, 2022)

In France, such leaks are criminal offenses, such leaks are crimes. Were the target a French politician instead of Imran Khan, there would be a police investigation and the culprits would be brought before a court of law. – For instance, Piotr Pavlenski awaits his trial for leaking in January 2020 a sex tape of then government member Benjamin Griveaux; he faces one year’s imprisonment (and, as we are writing this in December 2022, he has been facing it for a long time already).

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Abandonment of judicial prescription for crimes against humanity has been justified by the nature of said crimes, yet prescription is necessitated by the principle of fair trial, so its abandonment simply cannot be justified in this way, as the conditions for a fair trial are the same regardless of the crime. Abandonment of prescription means disregard for the fair trial principle.

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Who cares about a President’s feelings?
Public figures and speech

Personnalités publiques et droit dit de la presse

« Touche-moi pas, tu m’salis. »

“Indonesia’s new criminal code outlaws insulting president: Human rights activists in Indonesia are concerned a new criminal code will stifle free speech in the world’s third-largest democracy.” (Al Jazeera English, YouTube, Dec 20, 2022)

Did anyone hear human rights activists say something when President Macron of France filed a complaint against Mr. Michel-Ange Flori for a poster depicting Macron as Hitler? Such laws exist throughout Europe (where even lèse-majesté laws exist). In France, the presidential complaint alleges the general crime of insult punished with a fine, but before 2013 insulting the President was punished with prison, and “outrage,” which the President could have alleged as well, is still punished with prison. In the Flori case, the court has not followed the presidential plaintiff, which means that comparing someone to Hitler is not an insult. The court said among other things that the parodical intent of the poster is obvious. How strange when one knows that humorist Patrick Sébastien, when he mocked Jean-Marie Le Pen by singing, made up as the latter, a song with ludicrous racist lyrics, was condemned for hate speech: parody was no excuse for the humorist.

But the court also says that the poster “falls within the public debate of general interest,” as a political message, and is therefore permissible. This has nothing to do with the fact that the content is insulting, that is, had the court only had the content in view, the poster was punishable on its face. But the court thinks in different terms, so let me use a fiction and talk like a court for a moment. “Insults aggrieve the feelings of individuals but our Constitution prevents us from taking heed of Mr. Macron’s feelings. Had Mr. Macron wanted to spare his fragile feelings, he would have been well-advised not to look for the spotlights as a public figure. Politics is heated, major interests are at stake, and with interest goes passion. People passionately defend their views; therefore, a free public debate implies by constitutional necessity that politicians be less protected by law against speech than private persons. Mr. Flori, against whom Mr. Macron filed a complaint for insult, is an honest citizen who respects his neighbors, but Mr. Macron is not one of Mr. Flori’s neighbors, all private persons, Mr. Macron is a public figure whose decisions are a focal point of the public debate, and he must expect an amount of scrutiny and speech, polemical and other, uncommon with that legitimately expected by a private person. His using the courts as if he were a private person is vile lawfare aimed at stifling political opposition.”

(ii)

Nous passons au français, renonçant à faire comprendre aux personnes anglophones et formées au droit anglo-saxon le concept français d’outrage dont nous devons à présent discuter.

Dans l’affaire Flori, le Président de la République a porté plainte pour « injures publiques » (selon un article du Point du 13 décembre 2022, ce qui semble renvoyer à l’article 33 de la loi de 1881) et non pour « outrage à personne dépositaire de l’autorité publique » (article 433-5 du code pénal). Le Président a donc souhaité se présenter dans cette affaire comme un particulier et non comme représentant de l’État.

Le choix était-il permis ? C’est pourtant bien le Président de la République qui est représenté en Hitler. Il aurait donc fallu requalifier le chef d’accusation et passer de l’article 33 prévoyant une amende de 12.000 euros à l’article 433-5 prévoyant une amende d’un an d’emprisonnement et 45.000 euros d’amende. Il n’est pas du tout permis de voir dans le chef d’accusation le moins grave retenu pour la plainte une forme de mansuétude, puisque la justice a démontré, en cassation, que la plainte, les poursuites, les condamnations en première instance et en appel, tout cet appareil répressif mis en branle était outrageant pour M. Flori et l’ensemble des Français attachés à la liberté d’expression. Cette espèce de choix qui serait laissé aux victimes entre différents articles du code n’a guère de sens et fait de la justice un marché pour états mentaux quérulents. Les dispositions sur l’outrage sont expressément prévues pour distinguer les injures reçues par les uns et les autres, en aggravant celles reçues par certains citoyens, et ce n’est pas à la discrétion des victimes dès lors que l’injure est reçue « dans l’exercice ou à l’occasion de l’exercice » de la mission de la personne dépositaire. Le cas est évident quand le Président de la République est représenté sous les traits d’Adolf Hitler en vue de dénoncer le passe vaccinal, une politique publique conduite par le gouvernement français. Il n’existait donc aucune possibilité juridique pour le Président d’adopter un autre grief que l’outrage, même si l’outrage est facialement une injure publique comme celles prévues à l’article 33 de la loi de 1881, plus clément. Si l’injure publique et elle seule avait été condamnée, l’outrage serait resté impuni malgré l’intervention de la justice. – Le comble du cynisme serait de se servir des dispositions relatives à l’outrage pour donner le sentiment que l’appareil répressif est débonnaire en appliquant des dispositions moins sévères, celles relatives à l’injure, pour des faits identiques. Or les faits ne sont pas les mêmes selon les personnes visées, nous le répétons, puisqu’il existe dans notre droit un privilège des personnes dépositaires de l’autorité publique vis-à-vis de la parole de leurs concitoyens (qui ne sont pas en réalité leurs concitoyens, de ce fait, mais des sous-citoyens).

L’idée est que ce n’est pas seulement la personne qui est insultée mais aussi, et avant tout, sa fonction, l’outrage étant supposé être « de nature à porter atteinte à sa dignité ou au respect dû à la fonction dont elle est investie », selon les termes mêmes de l’article 433-5, c’est-à-dire que c’est l’État qui est insulté. L’État, c’est elle, c’est cette personne-là, et les autres comme elle. Car, s’agissant de la mention de la dignité, dans l’article, c’est du bavardage : toute injure est une atteinte à la dignité, que l’on soit représentant de l’État ou non, et ce bavardage n’a précisément d’autre but, caché, que d’écarter l’idée que nous venons d’effleurer, à savoir que le délit d’outrage est non pas une atteinte à la personne mais aux symboles de l’État, la personne étant revêtue d’un symbolisme qui la dépasse et dépasse ainsi sa dignité de personne (la dignité des personnes dénuées de symbolisme est à 12.000 euros, avec le symbolisme elle monte à un an de prison et 45.000 euros).

Or la Cour de cassation, dans son arrêt de décembre 2022, vient de balayer cette conception. Car comment concevoir que l’on ferme les yeux sur les contenus insultants avérés (à moins de supposer que le Président trouve flatteur de se voir comparé à Hitler) au nom du débat d’intérêt général, si cela ne signifie pas que les personnes dépositaires de l’autorité publique, du moins les élus, doivent être moins protégées que les particuliers, dont la victimisation par injures ne saurait se justifier par le débat d’intérêt général ? Comment cet arrêt pourrait-il ne pas détruire complètement en droit une conception vivante de l’outrage en ce qui concerne les politiciens ? (Et pourquoi seulement maintenant ?)

Il convient, revenant sur notre petite prosopopée de la justice en (i), de distinguer entre les politiciens, qui attirent la lumière des projecteurs sur eux du fait de leur engagement politique, et ceux qui attirent les projecteurs pour des accomplissements étrangers à la politique. En effet, un génie des mathématiques, par exemple, résolvant un problème difficile pourra certes attirer l’attention des médias pour cet accomplissement, sans que cela signifie pour autant qu’il ait recherché cette attention. Son statut de personne publique n’est donc pas le même exactement que celui du politicien dont le but et la vocation est d’être un représentant de l’État. Pour le premier, le statut de personne publique est obtenu par accident, tandis que c’est une qualité propre au second, une propriété de ce dernier. Le premier doit donc conserver une plus grande protection vis-à-vis de la parole d’autrui car il reste davantage une personne privée que le second, lequel est en réalité une personne publique dans ses moindres faits et gestes. Ce dernier point est bien sûr nié par le droit français, ce même droit qui pose le principe « l’État, c’est elle » pour les personnes élues (même si le délit d’outrage prévoit certes aussi les cas où l’élu pourrait être insulté à titre privé et non « dans l’exercice ou à l’occasion de l’exercice » de sa mission). Les politiciens font sciemment de leur vie privée un argument de marketing politique mais les lanceurs d’alerte qui dévoilent les mensonges nauséabonds ainsi servis à la crédulité du public sont encore traités en délinquants : voyez le Griveaux Gate, que nous avons déjà commenté ici (Twit28, février 2020).

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PHILO

Retour à de la philosophie : le texte qui suit peut compléter utilement le chapitre « Le kantisme devant la théorie de la relativité » (ici) de notre Apologie de l’épistémologie kantienne (dont le pdf est disponible en table des matières de ce blog).

« Les personnages de cette allégorie sont des figures géométriques : triangles isocèles, carrés, polygones, cercles… Dans leur monde plat, en deux dimensions, ces figures sont très hiérarchisées et ont des coutumes et des croyances bien ancrées. Aussi, quand un modeste carré doté d’une conscience découvre la troisième dimension lors de l’apparition soudaine et invraisemblable d’une sphère, on crie à l’hérésie. Tout à la fois critique de la rigidité de la société victorienne et texte fondateur de la science-fiction, Flatland aborde la question troublante de la possibilité d’une quatrième dimension spatiale. » (Introduction à Flatland d’Edwin A. Abbott)

Ceci est un enfantillage, cette parabole où des figures planes ont des « traditions bien ancrées » et qui crient « à l’hérésie » est un moyen facile et même grossier de se faire passer pour les Lumières contre je ne sais quel obscurantisme. Cependant, nous ne parlons pas au nom de la tradition mais de la philosophie, en l’occurrence au nom du concept d’expérience possible. Le nombre de dimensions, le tesseract, l’hypersphère sont des « outils mathématiques » : il reste encore un pas à franchir, celui de montrer que ce sont des objets physiques, si l’on entend décrire avec ces outils mathématiques des objets physiques, c’est-à-dire, plus précisément, si l’on entend décrire des structures réelles du monde sous la forme de ces choses.

En admettant que notre entendement soit réellement dépourvu du sens de dimensions surnuméraires réelles, cette réalité n’est pas celle de la physique possible pour nous, et cette limitation n’est pas comme celle de la vue et des autres sens, qui peut être élargie par la technologie (le microscope, etc.), mais c’est une limitation a priori qui ne se laisse corriger par aucune expérience possible, par aucune technique. Mathématiquement, il est possible de poser autant de dimensions que l’on veut, comme on veut, mais cela se fait dans un ensemble abstrait qui n’est pas l’espace physique. L’univers de la théorie des cordes est lui-même un outil mathématique ; en admettant que l’on puisse, sur le fondement de cette théorie à vingt-six dimensions, faire des prédictions justes quant à l’univers physique à trois dimensions, ce qui reste à voir, cela n’impliquerait pas encore que cette théorie parle de l’univers physique, de la même manière que les nombres négatifs ne veulent jamais dire que « moins trois oranges » est quelque chose de physique.

L’invasion mathématique du physique, quand on perd de vue le caractère d’instrumentalité non signifiante de l’outil, est fatale à la pensée, comme dans l’introduction à Flatland. Nous ne sommes pas des figures géométriques à trois dimensions incapables de concevoir des dimensions surnuméraires existant réellement, car notre réel, la nature physique, a trois dimensions et, s’il existait un espace réel ayant plus de trois dimensions, il pourrait tout aussi bien ne respecter aucun des autres principes fondamentaux des mathématiques par lesquels nous décrivons scientifiquement la nature, c’est-à-dire que l’on n’en pourrait jamais rien dire ni rien savoir.

Nous devons donc reprendre les termes mêmes d’un des savants aux travaux de qui l’on doit un surcroît de fantaisie déplorable en philosophie, Heisenberg, pour calmer les esprits ayant cette pente. Heisenberg rappelle ceci : « « La phrase : ‘√-1 existe’ ne signifie rien d’autre que : ‘Il existe des corrélations mathématiques importantes qui peuvent être représentées de la façon la plus simple par l’introduction du concept √-1.’ Bien entendu, les corrélations existent tout aussi bien si l’on n’introduit pas ce concept. C’est ce qui permet d’employer très utilement, du point de vue pratique, ce genre de mathématiques dans la science et la technique. Par exemple, en théorie des fonctions, il est très important de noter l’existence de certaines lois mathématiques qui se réfèrent à des couples de paramètres pouvant varier de façon continue. Ces corrélations deviennent plus faciles à comprendre en formant le concept abstrait √-1, bien que ce concept ne soit pas fondamentalement nécessaire à la compréhension, et bien qu’il ne soit pas relié aux nombres naturels. » Il n’est pas question ici de physique mais cette mise au point sur « l’existence » des nombres imaginaires est importante : tout ce qui est facialement paradoxal, c’est-à-dire contre l’expérience possible, en mathématiques est paradoxal seulement à titre d’instrumentalité non signifiante en soi. Heisenberg voyait bien que l’existence des nombres imaginaires avait un sens restreint, mais une intuition comparable manque à certains, qui se mettent alors à délirer sur ce qu’est la nature, laquelle est indissolublement liée aux limitations a priori de notre intellect.

Comme nous avons un chiffre pour les dimensions de l’espace, 3, et comme nous avons une échelle des chiffres, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5…, le mouvement « Et si l’espace avait plus de trois dimensions ? » est naturel et quasi spontané (pourquoi pas, également, un nombre infini de dimensions ?) ; mais nous avons trois dimensions pour l’espace et ce chiffre est immuable dans notre expérience. Ce n’est pas une mesure, on ne le raffine pas, on ne peut dire :  « l’espace a très exactement 3,14115… dimensions », ce n’est pas le chiffre d’un objet de mesure quelconque. Les dimensions surnuméraires sont un outil non signifiant physiquement, dont l’usage, si l’on souhaite le tolérer, exige une traduction en termes physiques acceptables, à terme, au cas où cet usage aurait des résultats prédictifs avérés.

Law 24: On Hate Crimes and Love Crimes

Intro
1 Definition
2 Preliminary Dismissal of Deceptive Appearances
3 Discussion

Intro

In Europe they have hate crime laws, hate speech laws, and police states. (Cf. City of Houston v. Hill, U.S. 1987, holding that “[t]he freedom of individuals verbally to oppose or challenge police action without thereby risking arrest is one of the principal characteristics by which we distinguish a free nation from a police state.” By this well-thought definition European countries are not free nations but police states indeed.)

In U.S. they only have hate crime laws.

What makes hate crime laws so unexceptional?

1 Definition

“Hate crimes are offenses that are committed because of the actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, or sexual orientation of another individual or group of individuals. … Various state courts found that, since the U.S. Constitution’s First Amendment protects speech and thought, even when that speech or thought is offensive, any law criminalizing thought should be rendered unconstitutional.” (Hate crimes by Kristin L. Stewart, J.D. [excerpt] in Encyclopedia of American Law, D. Schultz ed., 2002)

If a crime is found to be this or that “(name a crime) as a hate crime,” penalties are increased.

2 Preliminary Dismissal of Deceptive Appearances

Contrary to appearances, hate crime laws in the United States are probably not designed to protect the white population from black criminals. How, then, could such appearances have arisen?

First, we are told about an epidemics of hate crimes. “If you believe the news, today’s America is plagued by an epidemic of violent hate crimes” is from the presentation of the book Hate Crime Hoax: How the Left is Selling a Fake Race War (2019) by Wilfred Reilly, assistant professor of political science at Kentucky State University.

Second, we know the massive proportion of black inmates in the prison population of the States: cf. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (2012) by Michelle Alexander, visiting professor at Union Theological Seminary, New York City.

Third, in Wisconsin v. Mitchell, 1993, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld a hate crime state statute. A group of black men had assaulted a white boy after watching the film Mississippi Burning. It was found their attack was racially motivated and the increased penalty of the instigator, Todd Mitchell, justified.

From (1), (2) & (3), one would swear blacks are responsible for the epidemic of hate crime. Indeed, it is hard to see how a crime epidemic, namely a hate crime epidemic, would not be reflected in the prison inmates population, that is, how the disproportionate numbers of black inmates in prison would not reflect the hate crime epidemic, especially considering the emblematic precedent of the U.S. Supreme Court on hate crime laws applies to a black defendant who challenged the constitutionality of his increased penalty.

This is a deceptive appearance. In reality hate crime laws protect minorities.

3 Discussion

i
Hate crime laws trivialize crime

“This book is as timely as today’s headlines. Professor Lawrence has written a powerful, persuasive, and eloquent call for more effective action by Congress and the states to deal with these despicable crimes. Civil Rights is still the unfinished business of America. Hate crimes are uniquely destructive and divisive, because their impact extends far beyond the victim. They poison entire communities and undermine the ideals for which America stands. They deserve to be punished with the full force of the law, and Professor Lawrence’s book brings us closer to that important goal.” Senator Edward M. Kennedy on Punishing Hate: Bias Crimes under American Law (2002) by Frederick M. Lawrence.

This praise by Sen. Kennedy contains all the appalling mistakes an informed person is supposed not to make when thinking and talking about crime and the law.

“This book is as timely as today’s headlines.”

It is known, it is even common-sense, since at least Roscoe Pound (Criminal Justice in America, 1930), that to resort to designing criminal law in hysterical reaction to headlines is the worst one can think of, it is Lynch mentality smuggled into the legislative bodies and through them into the courts.

Sen. Kennedy’s is the confession he was a headline-law maker, one who made headline laws. With lawmakers like him, it is headlines which make laws. Yet no one knows what the headlines reflect (a few people believe they reflect reality). If media were neutral reporting agencies, then, given what has been said in II about New Jim Crow, media treatment of crime would reflect the makeup of prison population (because prison population is a good token for the known figure of crime), that is to say the media would devote the same share of crime news to black crime as the share of black inmates population in prisons. Is this the case?

If this is not, even if it were because the media are not racist whereas lawmakers, the police and the judiciary are, it turns out they make their headlines according to their own notions rather than to an actual state of things. If the state of the society as far as crime is concerned is institutional (colorblind) racism, i.e. a New Jim Crow, and the media correct this because they go against the stream, then admittedly their headlines are no different from political pamphlets; therefore legislators are not bound to take their headlines as guidelines, any more than they are to follow the views of any scholar, intellectual, or writer.

The same holds with the media coverage of hate crime. Sen. Kennedy wants to legislate in a “timely” fashion, following the headlines. Given what has just been said, however, he is nothing but the willing audience of a hate crime law lobby, whereas the true situation might or might not support a need for new or further legislation. Obviously, if the coverage is a hoax (Wilfred Reilly), no legislation is called for by the timely headlines. (Needless to say, the notion of timely headlines is absurd: Reread the sentence and you’ll see Sen. Kennedy actually talks of timely headlines; however there is but one timely time for news headlines.)

“These despicable crimes”

Which crimes are not despicable? Crimes that a senator is more likely to commit, like embezzlement?

“Hate crimes are uniquely destructive and divisive, because their impact extends far beyond the victim.”

That the impact of all crimes “extends far beyond the victim” is on the contrary the obvious truth, one at the foundation of the secular distinction between tort law and criminal law, and hardly, therefore, could a premise be more unsupportive of the conclusion, namely, that hate crimes are unique.

“They poison entire communities and undermine the ideals for which America stands.”

One would swear other crimes are mere trifles.

“They deserve to be punished with the full force of the law.”

Yes, like any other crime. Actually, a good axiom of jurisprudence is that crimes deserve to be punished with the full force of the law. Accordingly, since every crime is punishable by the full force of the law, one cannot make a difference between one crime and the same crime “as a hate crime.”

If such a difference were legitimate, it would actually imply a decrease in penalties for hate crimes.

ii
Hate crimes are crimes of passion
,
therefore the penalty must be decreased, not increased

Here come the love crimes.

I had intended the word as a joke. I thought: If one talks of hate crimes, there must be love crimes too, which is absurd. Then I remembered the crimes of passion (crimes passionnels): “The ‘crime of passion’ defense challenges the mens rea element by suggesting that there was no malice aforethought, and instead the crime was committed in the ‘heat of passion’.” (Wikipedia: Crime of passion)

Crimes of passion are what I would like to call the love crimes. Love is a passion. Hate is no less a passion than love –sometimes love turns to hate– and therefore, as the crime of passion defense applies to love crimes, the defense applies to hate crimes too.

Think about Todd Mitchell, the black defendant in Wisconsin v. Mitchell who “instigated an attack against a white young boy.” He had just been watching the film Mississippi Burning, which stirred the rage of oppression in his heart, to the point he could not stand it anymore. His brothers and sisters in race had been enslaved, trafficked, segregated, Jim-Crowed for centuries. Hatred was stirred in him, his spirits cried for vengeance. A young white boy walked by.

Even if Mitchell had been animated by an ideology, by the liberal ideology that cannot stress enough the evils of a system and the burden of debt currently weighing upon the white man till the end of times, even if he had been an avid reader of liberal books, still his deed would not be an ideological crime –because there is no such thing under the U.S. Constitution, which protects freedom of conscience– but a crime of passion.

(Even the minutest premeditation in coldest blood could be a crime of passion, I find, because hate is a passion, just like the cheated husband who premeditates his wife’s death could invoke the defense in my eyes, because from love to despair time may elapse but the heat of passion remains, the heat of passion is not the same thing as the heat of the moment.)

But the Supreme Court –Rehnquist Court (surely this rings a little bell)– did not see a liberal black boy under the dramatic and melodramatic influence of a Hollywood blockbuster stuffed with the most advanced techniques of emotions and mind manipulation, no, and “the Wisconsin statute…was not punishing the defendant for his or her bigoted beliefs or statements, but rather the predicted ramifications of his or her crime” (oyez.org). Mark these words: A hate crime law does not punish a defendant for his or her bigoted beliefs or statements. I have no idea what the Court, or its commentator, means by “the predicted ramifications of the crime” and as I have not read the whole decision yet I reserve my judgment, only saying it looks like a mighty innovation in the field of criminal law and I’m surprised it is not more discussed in academia and among advocates of hate crime laws, who keep saying, instead, that hate crime laws punish bigoted biases (one also talks of bias crimes).

So very true is it that hate crimes are crimes of passion that it is even positive law in the gay panic defense. A man subject to homosexual advances may react violently with assault, battery, murder attempt, sometimes the seducer’s death. The defendant can invoke gay panic defense at his trial and if the motion is accepted his act will be treated as a crime of passion. As the reader can well imagine, statutes to that effect have disappeared from about every legal system in the western world, and now the same acts are likely to be treated as hate crimes with increased rather than decreased penalties. (Likely because how could such a reaction not be the sign of strong biases?)

iii
Hate crimes are crimes of passion
and like other crimes of passion they have no place left amidst our laws

Today crimes of passion are hardly law any longer. A man finding his wife with another man will shoot them and then kill himself, and perhaps his kids in the bargain, because he knows society will not pardon him the heat of passion. He knows only cuckolders are excused nowadays.

As one, therefore, sees crime of passion laws dwindling, one must draw the consequences as to the notion itself, which includes hate crimes. Hate crimes can have no place amidst our laws.

iv
Hate crime laws shift the tendency of regimes from majoritarian to countermajoritarian

In aristocratic regimes, the nobility is a minority too.

If one agrees the purpose of hate crime laws is not, contrary to appearances, or not only to hold the grudge of black people against whites for a past of slavery and unequal segregation in check, then one must consider the following reasoning.

Hate crime laws are designed to protect minorities from the violent manifestation of biases. That minorities would bear a natural grudge against the majority for the latter’s entrenched position and status does not seem to ever enter the mind of advocates of bias crime laws and I have never heard one such advocate express concern for the safety of individuals in the majority due to a grudge of this kind. Yet it occurs to me that, if I belonged to a minority and the majority had privileged status in the society, I would resent the fact. In case I expressed my resentment with violent acts, that would be hate crime then, would it not? But no, we are never told of such psychological problems; one has to know the U.S. Supreme Court’s decisions to be aware that anti-white feelings can be a bias, and in some European countries you would look for the same kind of precedent as Wisconsin v. Mitchell in vain (but not because such crimes never happen).

All in all, one can safely bet that a risk of increased penalties exists above all for crimes where victims are from minorities. Therefore, if a criminal who is neither a hate criminal nor a love criminal, only an indifferent criminal who wants money, thinks –and I claim the media and politicians have inoculated this thinking in him– that he risks increased penalties if his victim belongs to a minority, then the obvious consequence is that he will avoid picking a victim among identifiable minorities and on the contrary target individuals from the majority. Hate crime laws point to the majority as self-evident victim for “passionless” criminals. Clearly, a government must have strong countermajoritarian mechanisms to be able to pass such laws – to the point that one wonders what role is left to its majoritarian mechanisms.

v
Hate crime laws are hate speech laws

This section is divided in two parts (a) and (b), the former being the mere quote of an earlier writing, Hate crime laws are unconstitutional (Law 20).

a/ Hate crime laws are unconstitutional view-based discrimination.

It’s time the courts declared hate crime laws unconstitutional. This is long overdue. How can hate speech be protected as the U.S. Supreme Court intends (Brandenburg v. Ohio [1969], R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul [1992], Snyder v. Phelps [2011], Matal v. Tam [2017]) when public figures known for taking positions some call hate speech must always fear being provoked to offenses, even minor, that would lead to aggravated punishment while the opponents who provoked the incidents have no such Damocles sword hanging over their heads?

Let’s take an example. If a public figure vilified by LGBT groups as a hater gets entangled in a brawl with LGBT hecklers, he may face hate crime charges while the others will face unruly behavior charges or such like (they are not known for being haters because they’re the ones who call people haters and the media follow that stance).

The “haters” (who have a constitutional right to hate speech) are at greater risk of frame-up because for them even the slightest charges can be greatly detrimental due to the increased penalties with which hate crimes are dealt with. Hate crime laws protect a minority heckler’s veto. Due to such legislation, whole classes of people are therefore deprived of their full rights to political participation for lack of equal protection under the law. This is government repression of political opponents.

b/ Hate crime laws are conceived as disguised hate speech laws.

Discretionary police and prosecution power serves to squelch speech in scores of contexts, by making pretextual use of laws against disorderly conduct, trespass, unlawful assembly, disobeying a lawful order (like orders to move or keep moving), breach of the peace, and other such low-level criminal statutes, and scholars point out the failure of courts to address the issue properly.

The issue must be of increased concern when to low-level incriminations may be added the hate crime label. Since there have been various cases of “petty larceny, as a hate crime,” one can well imagine charges such as “trespass, as a hate crime” or “disobeying a lawful order, as a hate crime.”

Often, in the usual cases, charges are dropped, and the victim of malicious policing is no more heard of. In the case of hate crimes there could be no dropping of the charges, for obvious reasons. Therefore, since police power can be used to squelch one’s speech and the courts have no sure means to second-guess the discretionary use of police power (filming police on public space is a hazy legal issue: don’t you fancy it be a well-established right), I believe advocates of hate crime laws intend to take advantage of the situation to have hate crime laws serve as hate speech laws. I believe it for the simple reason that if hate speech laws were not unconstitutional these are the laws they would demand. We have seen it in Europe: the same rhetoric used in the U.S. in support of hate crime laws is used in Europe to advocate hate speech laws.

So long as hate crime laws exist, the U.S. is at risk of becoming –if not being already, through the judicially undetected, pretextual use of executive discretion– a police state like current European Old-World regimes.