Tagged: Ibsen

Documents: Scandinavian America

(1)
A Chronology of Some Facts About Scandinavian Presence in America

leiferiksonminnesotastatecapitol

Leif Erikson Statue at Minnesota State Capitol

982 Discovery of Greenland by Norwegian colonists from Iceland.

986-1003 Two Norwegians, Biarni Herjolfsson and Leif Erikson, reach America, on separate voyages, the former from Iceland and the latter from Greenland. Colonization of “Vinland” fails, but research indicates that the Viking explorers may have penetrated the Americas as far west as Minnesota (see entry 1355). (For less known facts, see my essay Ingeborg, A Viking Girl on the Blue Lagoon here)

999 According to the Sagas, Icelandic Viking Bjorn Asbrandsson spends thirty years in the Hvitramannaland or White Men’s Land near Vinland, as chief of a native tribe.

1013 Snoiri, son of Gudrid (wife of the Icelander Thorfinn Karlsefni), is the first white child born in North America.

1027 or 1029 According to the Sagas, Gudleif Gudlaugson, stranded in Vinland sailing from Dublin, Ireland, to Iceland, was saved from skrælings’ hostility by a white man, later identified, from the items he gave Gudleif, as Biarn the Breidavik-Champion who had been exiled from Iceland thirty years ago.

1064 Jonus, a Saxon bishop, reaches Vinland via Iceland as a Christian missionary. Vinlanders put him to death, which hints at paganism (Odinism) regaining ground in Vinland.

1121 Erik Gnupsson, bishop of Greenland, travels to Vinland and, according to Danish historian Claus C. Lyschander (†1624), sets up a colony there. According to C.C. Rafn (see at 1837), he remained in Vinland, resigning from his former seat with a formal letter that reached Greenland in 1122.

1266 Three priests from the Gardar bishopric of Greenland sail to Barrow Strait and Wellington Channel in today’s Canada (Nunavut), finding traces of “skrælings.”

1279 The Holy See sends a cleric collect the dime in Greenland “and the surrounding islands and lands,” that is, Vinland. “In 1418 Greenland was still paying 2,600 pounds of walrus teeth annually for the dime and Peter’s pence” (G. Gravier, Découverte de l’Amérique par les Normands aux Xe siècle, 1874). At this date (1418) the colony of Greenland was devastated; some, like Gabriel Gravier, believe it was by Henry Sinclair’s float [see at 1398], and by Scandinavian pirates called Victualie Brœdre. The colony had already declined by that time, due to climate change, Inuit raids, and an episode of black plague in the 14th century. However, G. Gravier presents a list of Greenlandic bishops from 1121 to 1537 (with nominations in 1450, 1487, 1537, and the seals of said bishops were found and archived).

1285 Brothers Adalbrand and Thorvald Helgason, both priests, fleeing from Norway find a land they call Fundu-Nyialand, which is Newfoundland in Canada.

1355 On the orders of the King of Norway, Paul Knudson travels to Greenland, where he finds the eastern colony abandoned. Looking for the Greenlanders on the western side or Vinland, he is said by some to have journeyed deep into North America and left the runic Kensington Stone in Minnesota.

1398 Henry Sinclair, earl of Orkney, is believed to have landed in Nova Scotia, Canada. He was a descendant of Seynt Cler or Clere, who accompanied William the Conqueror in England, where William became the first Norman king of the country. A monument to Sinclair’s landing was inaugured in 1996 in Halfway Cove, Guysborough, Nova Scotia.

1473 German corsairs Didrik Pining and Hans Pothorst, licensed by King Christian I of Denmark to sail to Greenland, may have reached Newfoundland and Labrador in Canada.

1488 Jean Cousin, a navigator from Dieppe in Normandy, that is, a descendant of the Normans established in this part of France under Rollo in 911, is believed to have reached Brazil and come back. One of his captains was Martin Alonso Pinzon, who travelled with Columbus a few years later, in 1492.

1504 Binot Paulmier de Gonneville, from Honfleur in Normandy [see at 1488], is the first European to reach the Southern parts of Brazil. He came back to France with the son of a Tupi chief, a certain Essemeric, who settled in Normandy as Paulmier’s heir. Essemeric’s descendants were exempted from the “droit d’aubaine” (feudal tax on foreigners) by Louis XIV in the seventeenth century.

1522 Corsair Jehan Fleury, from Normandy [see at 1488], attacks near the Azores three Spanish vessels transporting the treasure of the last Aztec emperor. The Aztec treasure landed in Normandy. This is the first known attack against Spanish vessels en route to Spain from the New World.

1630 Scandinavian settlers come with Dutch settlers, in the bay of New Amsterdam.

1638 Fort Christina, first Swedish colony (New Sweden/Nya Sverige). (On New Sweden, see Amandus Johnson’s authoritative work The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware 1638-1664, 2 vol. 1911-14, 1927)

1638 The first log cabin in America is erected by Swedes.

1639 Jonas Bronck, a Scandinavian immigrant of disputed origin (Faroe Islands, or Denmark, or Sweden), married with a Dutch woman and settled in New Netherland, is the first to colonize the area that now bears his name, the Bronx in NYC, as does the Bronx river (Bronck’s river).

1655 After a battle at Fort Christina, in which the Dutch troops were led by Peter Stuyvesant, New Sweden becomes part of New Netherland. Later, in 1664, the Dutch New Amsterdam is conquered by an English fleet.

1681 William Penn buys the land for his colony of Pennsylvania from Swedish settlers.

1705 Thormodus Torfæus, royal historian of the Kingdom of Denmark-Norway, writes Historia Vinlandiæ Antiquæ (History of Ancient Vinland).

1749 Peter Kalm, of the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences, is told by French explorer La Vérendrye about a stone discovered by the latter in what is today North Dakota. The stone was engraved with signs which some Jesuits found similar to the Tatarian script copied in one book of their library in Quebec. According to Hjalmar R. Holand, it could be a runic stone, as Tatarian script looks similar to Scandinavian runes. Its whereabouts in France are unknown. (H.R. Holand, Norse Discoveries & Explorations in America 982-1362, 1940) “The Minnesota Historical Society has offered a $1000 reward for the stone’s rediscovery.” (Wkdp: Vérendrye stone)

1769 Foundation in Philadelphia of a Society of Scandinavians, as a socio-cultural organization.

1776 John Morton, of Delaware, descendant of Swedish settlers, casts the deciding vote in favor of the Declaration of Independence.

1781-82 John Hanson, descendant of the earliest Swedish settlers, serves as the first “President of the U.S. in Congress Assembled,” before George Washington is elected President of a new U.S. government. Thus, he was chief executive of the nation during its first year.

1801-05 First Barbary War, in which the U.S. and Sweden together fought against the Barbary States of North Africa to stop piracy in the Mediterranean Sea. (There was a Second Barbary War, also known as the US-Algerian War, in 1815.)

1817 The Swedenborgian Church of North America (General Convention of the Church of the New Jerusalem) is established in Philadelphia.

1826-1910 Norway gave to America a larger proportion of her people than any other nation, except Ireland, during the great Atlantic migrations.

1837 Danish historian Carl Christian Rafn publishes Antiquitates americanæ, sive Scriptores septentrionales rerum antecolombianarum in America, opera et studio (American Antiquities, or the writings of Nordic authors on pre-Colombian matters in America: Their works and an examination of them), a collection of early sources on pre-Colombian Nordic travels and settlements.

1840 Swedish Immigration Law of 1768 restricting the right of emigration is repealed by the Parliament as an answer to the problem of pauperism.

1843 Mr Richter, of Otsego (State of New York), sees in the ruins of Aztalan, Wisconsin, an ancient, pre-Colombian Scandinavian site: Mémoires de la Société royale des Antiquaires du Nord 1840-1843 pp. 8, 9 (quoted by G. Gravier, op. cit., p. 229. Aztalan written Uzteilan).

1844 A Dr Schuck [Instituto Histórico Brasileiro?] hypothesizes that the pre-Colombian city of the Bahia province in Brazil was built by Normans from Greenland-Vinland: Mémoires de la Société royale des Antiquaires du Nord 1840-1843 pp. 26-7, 1844 p. 180 (quoted by G. Gravier, op. cit., p. 235).

1846 Eric Janson, leader of the Swedish pietistic sect known as the Jansonites, builds Bishop Hill Colony in Illinois, a communal society that was to last until 1870.

1847 The first Scandinavian newspaper in the U.S., Skandinavia, is published in New York City.

1848 Creation of the first Bygdelag or “District League,” Norwegian-American organization with social and cultural purposes.

1848 Danish pioneer Peter Lassen leads a party through the Sierra Nevada to northern California, blazing a new route past the mountain that now bears his name: Lassen Peak.

1850 Beginning of Danish Mormons’ emigration to Utah. (Danes are the major European component of the Mormons. See William Muller’s Homeward to Zion: The Mormon Migration from Scandinavia, 1957)

1850 Swedenborgians found a denominational liberal arts college, Urbana College in Urbana, Ohio, which became Urbana University in 1985.

1851 First Scandinavian political organization, the Swedish-American Republican Club of Illinois.

1854 Scandinavians, as a group, begin to transfer their political allegiance from the Democratic to the Republican Party. The process is complete by 1860.

1856 Scandinavians largely oppose the American (Know-Nothing) Party in favor of immigration restriction and longer residence requirements for citizenship. (See entry 1886(i) for a shift in opinion)

1857-1859 In his four-volume Histoire des nations civilisées du Mexique et de l’Amérique centrale durant les siècles antérieurs à Christophe Colomb, French Catholic priest Brasseur de Bourbourg, translator of the Popol Vuh, explains that the Toltecs of Mexico were “Thuletecs,” that is, Scandinavian Norsemen.

1862 Foundation of Gustavus Adolphus College in St. Peter, Minnesota, by Swedish immigrants. (Since 1965 the annual Nobel Conference takes place at Gustavus.)

1864-1867 The Great Famine in Sweden leads to an exodus to America.

1872 Jon Olafsson leads a party for the exploration of Alaska as a settlement site for Icelanders. The resulting bill is not passed. Icelanders create a New Iceland colony near Lake Winnipeg, on land granted by the government of Canada; the colony is named Gimli after the paradise of Norse legends.

1872 Foundation of the first Laestadian congregation in America, at Cokato, Minnesota. Laestadianism, named after Swedish-Sami preacher Lars Levi Laestadius (1800-1861), is the largest Lutheran pietistic revival movement in the Nordic countries.

1874 America Not Discovered by Columbus, by Norwegian-American Asmus Bjørn Anderson, originator of Leif Erikson Day.

1874 Foundation of St. Olaf College in Northfield, Minnesota, by Norwegian-American immigrants.

1874 French historian Gabriel Gravier publishes Découverte de l’Amérique par les Normands au Xe siècle (Discovery of America by the Normans in the tenth century AD), in which he contends that the “Normans” of Greenland-Vinland found their way into the whole American continent. He explains that the tumuli of the Mississipi valley (Cahokia) and Florida, those of Guatemala (Rabinal), and the Aztec pyramids are based on the model of the Scandinavian tumuli.

1877 Swedenborgians found in Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania, the Academy of the New Church, now Bryn Athyn College.

1877 Foundation of the Norwegian-American Historical Museum in Decorah, Iowa. Decorah is nicknamed the “Norwegian capital” of the state.

1880 French historian Eugène Beauvois publishes La Norambègue : découverte d’une quatrième colonie précolombienne dans le Nouveau Monde (Norumbega: Discovery of a fourth pre-Colombian [Viking] colony in the New World), in which among other things he derives the Gougou myth of Souriquois Micmac Indians described by Champlain from the Scandinavian troll-woman or ogress Gýgr (or Gýgur).

1883 The first prima donna of the New York Metropolitan Opera is a Swedish woman: Christina Nilsson.

1884 The Co-operative Commonwealth in Its Outlines: An Exposition of Modern Socialism, a milestone of Socialist thinking in America, by Danish-born Laurence Gronlund.

1884 Foundation of Dana College in Blair, Nebraska, by Danish immigrants (1884-2010).

1886 Many Scandinavians join nativist associations in opposition to the emigration of new people from Southern and Eastern Europe.

1886 Due to agrarian distress in the Midwest, thousands of Scandinavians leave the Republican Party and join the Farmers’ Alliance, which will later become part of the Populist Party.

1887 The first statue of Leif Erikson, “Leif the Discoverer” in America, by Anne Whitley, is unveiled on the Commonwealth Avenue Mall in Boston (MA).

1888 Norwegian-American newspaper Normanden is started; headed by writer H. A. Foss, it expresses the Populist sympathies of the Scandinavian farmers (1888-1993). (More on H. A. Foss below: Prohibitions-Mystik)

1890 Jacob A. Riis, the best-known Danish-American, publishes How the Other Half Lives, an influential appeal to social conscience. (He later published, among other things, his memoirs under the title The Making of an American, 1901.)

1890 Scandinavians in the Midwest are instrumental in getting Farmers’ Alliance’s candidates elected to the House of Representatives.

1890 Publication of Svensk-amerikanska poeter i ord och bild (Swedish-American Poets in Words and Pictures; an anthology) by Ernst Skarstedt, Svenska folkets tidnings förlag, Minneapolis, Minn. (For my French translations of a few of these poems, and a poem in the original text by Herman Stockenström, see here.) (Swedish-American historian Emory Lindquist, president of Bethany College and of Wichita State University, wrote Skarstedt’s biography, An immigrant’s American odyssey: A biography of Ernst Skarstedt [1970].)

1891 In reply to a questionnaire sent to governors of states by the Immigration Restriction League, 12 state governments express a desire for immigrants of Scandinavian background (for these are perceived as “hard working, god fearing, and non-radical”).

1894 “Give me Swedes, snuff and whiskey, and I’ll build a railroad through hell.” (James J. Hill, of the Great Northern Railroad)

1894 The John Ericsson Republican League of Illinois is founded. “Its mission was to exert a Scandinavian-American influence on American politics and advance Scandinavian-Americans for political office. … (The league was named after) Captain John Ericsson, Swedish-American engineer and inventor best known for his creation of the Union ironclad warship U.S.S. Monitor, which defeated the Confederate ironclad warship U.S.S. Merrimac in a naval battle on March 9, 1862. This battle was instrumental in securing a Union victory in the Civil War. ” (augustana.edu)

1894 Many Scandinavian-Americans join the American Protective Association, a nativist anti-Catholic organization.

1894 Numerous victories of the Populist party, especially in Scandinavian populated states: North and South Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin.

1895 Creation of the Sons of Norway, the largest Norwegian secular organization in America.

1897 In Yukon Charley Anderson becomes “Lucky Swede”: “A Swede named Charley Anderson had been at work on Miller Creek the year of the strike, and arrived in Dawson with a few hundred dollars. Two miners, who had staked No. 29 Eldorado, decided that he was the proper man upon whom to “unload.” He was too canny to approach sober, so at a considerable expense they got him drunk. Even then it was hard work, but they kept him befuddled for several days, and finally, inveigled him into buying No. 29 for $750. When Anderson sobered up, he wept at his folly, and pleaded to have his money back. But the men who had duped him were hard-hearted. They laughed at him, and kicked themselves for not having tapped him for a couple of hundred more. Nothing remained for Anderson but to work the worthless ground. This he did, and out of it he took over three-quarters of a million of dollars.” (Jack London, The Gold Hunters of the North, in Revolution and Other Essays)

1898 Finding of the Kensington Stone, a slab of Runic inscriptions, dated 1362, in Minnesota.

1899 Thorstein Veblen’s Theory of the Leisure Class.

1900 Minneapolis is the Scandinavian capital of America, the center of Swedish and Norwegian papers, churches and seminaries.

1902 Chicago-based Ottilie Liljencrantz writes her first Viking romance, The Thrall of Leif the Lucky, based on the journeys of Leif Erikson to Greenland and America.

1903 Norwegian-born newspaperman and writer, friend of Ole Rolvaag’s, Waldemar Ager becomes editor of Eau Claire, Wisconsin newspaper Reform (a position he kept till his death in 1941). Among other things, Ager was a prominent supporter of Prohibition. His books include On the way to the Melting Pot (1917). (Einar Haugen [see 1972i] wrote Ager’s biography: Immigrant Idealist: A Literary Biography of Waldemar Ager, Norwegian American, 1989.)

1905 Norwegian-born labor leader Olaf Tveitmoe founds the Asiatic Exclusion League, a political organization advocating immigration restrictions to bolster domestic wages.

1907 The Swedish-American Art Association is founded in Chicago. Founding members include painters Arvid Nyholm, Henry Reuterdahl, Gerda Ahlm, and first president was sculptor Carl Johann Nilsson.

1909 Swedish-born painter Carl Oscar Borg is a founding member of the California Art Club (CAC).

1910 Even as late as 1910, Scandinavian immigrants are less inclined to settle in cities than other immigrant arrivals.

1910 Establishment of the Scandinavian Socialist Federation, a national organization which united local Swedish, Norwegian, and Danish language Socialist clubs scattered around the United States.

1911 The Danish-American Colony Company, established in 1910, founds Solvang in California, today known as the Danish Capital of America. The city hosts the Elverhøj Museum of History and Art and the Hans Christian Andersen Museum.

1914-1915 Icelandic-American Vilhjalmur Stefansson became a world-famous explorer of the Arctic; he showed how, by using local resources, explorers could spend years north of the Arctic circle.

1915 Scandinavian-Americans form the backbone of the Farmers Nonpartisan League. (On the Populists and the League, see next section.)

1917 U.S. purchases the Danish West Indies (Virgin Islands), where live 3,200 Danes, who acquire American citizenship in 1927.

1917 Norwegian-American Henry Oyen writes novel Gaston Olaf, made into a film the same year by director Francis Ford as The Avenging Trail with actor Harold Lockwood.

1918 Norwegian-born senator for Minnesota and former governor of the State Knute Nelson is member of the Overman Committee, which concludes in June 1919 that Communism in Russia is “a reign of terror unparalleled in the history of modern civilization.”

1919 Inauguration of Bryn Athyn Cathedral, episcopal seat of the Swedenborgian General Church of the New Jerusalem.

1919 Andrew Volstead, a Norwegian-American Congressman from Minnesota, writes the Prohibition Law. (See Prohibitions-Mystik below)

1921 The Swedish-Lutheran Church in America resolves to conduct all services in English (at that time 85% of preaching was still in Swedish).

1921 At the Second International Conference on Eugenics (New York), Dr Jon Alfred Mjøen from Norway introduces the resolution creating the committee which ultimately organized the American Eugenics Society. Mjøen was editor of journal Den Nordiske Race (The Nordic Race).

1922 Howard Hanson, born in Nebraska to Swedish immigrant parents, composes his Nordic Symphony (No. 1).

1923 The Hobo: The Sociology of the Homeless Man by Nels Anderson (Chicago School of Sociology).

1924 Chikabohéme: 13. Noveller (The Boheme of Chicago: 13 Short Stories) by Ossian Elgström (Stockholm).

1924 Swedish-born physicist Carl Wickland publishes Thirty Years Among the Dead, a Swedenborgian account of his psychotherapies based on spiritualism en vogue at the time.

1925 Ole Edvart Rølvaag’s Giants in the Earth (Verdens Grøde).

1925 It is estimated that by 1925 the Swedish immigrant farmers had cleared or farmed over 12,000,000 acres of land in the U.S.

1926 Foundation of the American Swedish Historical Museum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

1926 Swedish film director Victor Sjöström, working in Hollywood from 1924 to 1937, makes The Scarlet Letter, from Hawthorne’s novel, with Lilian Gish and Swedish actor Lars Hanson.

1926 Danish film director Benjamin Christensen, maker of the famous 1922 film Häxan (Witchcraft Through the Ages) starts a three-year American career with film Devil’s Circus starring Norma Shearer.

1927 Charles Lindbergh, a son of Swedish immigrants, makes his famous pioneer flight, New York-Paris non-stop.

1929 The Leif Erikson Memorial Association is organized to promote the establishment of a Leif Erikson Day.

1929 Lake Shore Park in Duluth, Minnesota, is renamed Leif Erikson Park and the Norwegian-made replica of Leif’s ship is placed on display in the park (the ship had sailed from Norway in 1927).

1931 Agent Eliot Ness, born of Norwegian immigrants, and his team of “Untouchables” manage to have infamous mobster Al Capone convicted.

1931 Swedish operatic tenor of international repute Gustav Harald Lindau, aka Aroldo Lindi, settles in America (San Carlo Opera company, Chicago).

1931 Swedish-American illustrator Haddon Sundblom designs his famous Coca Cola Santa Claus (based on his own earlier versions, starting in the 1920s); drawing Santa with a red suit for the first time, “he is credited as having created the modern image of Santa Claus” (Wkpd).

1932 Einar Lund’s novel Solveig Murphy (the title says it all).

1935 Norwegian-born Torkild Rieber becomes Texaco’s chairman. He was forced to resign in 1940 over a scandal about oil supply to Germany’s Third Reich.

1936 Swedish-born Gustaf Tenggren is appointed artistic director of Disney Studios (his contributions include Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Fantasia, Bambi and Pinocchio).

1936 Painter Christian von Schneidau, born to Swedish immigrants and famous for his portraits, founds the Scandinavian-American Art Society of the West, in California.

1936 Take All To Nebraska, Danish-American novelist Sophus Keith Winther’s first part of his Grimsen Trilogy, about Danish immigrants who never attain freedom from landlord or mortgage-holder.

1936 Former representative for Minnesota Ernest Lundeen, of Swedish ancestry, is elected Senator from Minnesota as Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party (FL) candidate, a position he held until his accidental death in 1940. He is said to have been sympathetic to Germany’s Third Reich, of which his collaboration with author George Sylvester Viereck would be evidence.

1937 Journalist Ferdinand Lundberg publishes his America’s 60 Families about American plutocracy.

1938 Full Recovery or Stagnation by Harvard professor Alvin Hansen, the “American Keynes”: He introduced Keynesian economics in the states and “played a role in the formation of the Social Security System in 1935 and the Full Employment Act of 1946 that established the Council of Economic Advisors” (Nielsen & Petersen).

1939 Norwegian-born Jacob Thorkelson, a Republican, is elected U.S. Congressman for Montana’s first congressional district, a position he held until 1941. He was dubbed “the mouthpiece of the Nazi movement in Congress.” Among other texts, he published A Norwegian angle (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1940).

1939 Swedish actress Ingrid Bergman starts her ten-years American career. She has been called the ‘ideal of American womanhood’ (Pendergast, 2000). She ranks 4th greatest female star on the American Film Institute’s list (just before Greta Garbo, another Swede, 5th, and Marilyn Monroe, born Norma Jean Mortenson, of Norwegian ancestry through her father, 6th).

1940 The Bay Ridge area of Brooklyn (NY), sometimes called a suburb of Oslo, in 1940 has the largest concentration of Norwegians outside Norway (almost 55,000 persons). (See Andreas Nilsen Rygg, Norwegians in New York 1825-1925, 1941)

1940 Mount Eisen, in the Sierra Nevada in California, is named after Swedish-born polymath Gustav Eisen (1847-1940), honorary member of the California Academy of Sciences.

1941 The carving of Mount Rushmore National Memorial is officially ended. It was achieved by sculptor Gutzon Borglum, born in Idaho to Danish Mormon polygamist parents, and his son Lincoln.

1942 In his book on the Newport Tower (Newport, Rhode Island), historian Philip Ainsworth Means concludes that it is of pre-Colombian, presumably Scandinavian origin. (P.A. Means, Newport Tower, 1942) The same is quoted by Hjalmar R. Holand in the latter’s 1940 book (see 1749 and 1960) thus: “Coming thus from a scholar who has made such a thorough study of the inscription [of the Kensington Stone, which, according to Means, is genuine] the following tentative statement, from a new book on a related subject which will soon be issued by Mr. Means [which must be Means’s book on the Newport tower] is of great interestA manuscript of the fourteenth century in Paris makes it look very probable that Vinland was then a secret colony of the King of Norway.’” The idea that the Newport Tower was of Scandinavian origin is already in Gabriel Gravier’s 1874 book Découverte de l’Amérique par les Normands au Xe siècle (Discovery of America by the Normans in the 10th century AD), Gravier taking it from Rafn (see at 1837).

1942 Danish immigrant William Knudsen, president of General Motors, is appointed by President F.D. Roosevelt to mobilize American industry for war production in WWII. “Míster Knudsen, director eminente de la General Motors y asociado principal de la Opel en Alemania, fue designado Director General de la Defensa: en los Estados Unidos, no en Alemania.” (Juan José Arévalo, Fábula del tiburón y las sardinas)

1943 The Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act of 1943, or Magnuson Act, named after U.S. Representative Warren Magnuson, adopted son of second-generation Scandinavian immigrants, is passed. It repealed the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, allowing for an annual quota of 105 Chinese immigrants, at the same time maintaining the ban against the ownership of property and businesses by ethnic Chinese.

1944 The library building completed in 1942 at St. Olaf College is named Rolvaag Memorial Library after Ole E. Rolvaag (see 1925).

1944 Swedish-born Thorsten Sellin, a pioneer of scientific criminology, helps draft the U.S. Uniform Criminal Statistics Act. Among his writings, The Protective Code: A Swedish Proposal (1957).

1947 Finn Ronne, a Norwegian-American, establishes that Antarctica is one continent.

1948 The Kensington Stone is placed in the Smithsonian Institution.

1949 The Leif Erikson Memorial is unveiled on the grounds of the Minnesota State Capitol.

1951 Danish-born illustrator Paul Detlefsen publishes his first calendar, The Good Old Days. ‘’His art was lithographed into calendars, reproductions, playing cards, jigsaw puzzles, mats for tables, and even four-foot-wide wall murals. … In 1969, UPI (United Press International) estimated that 80% of all Americans had seen his work.’’ (Wkpd)

1953 Earl Warren, son of Norwegian immigrant Matt Varren from Stavanger and his wife Crystal from Sweden, is appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

1960 Norwegians Helge and Anne Stinne Ingstad find remains of a Viking village at L’Anse aux Meadows on the island of Newfoundland, Canada. That the Norsemen limited their colonization to Newfoundland is unlikely. (For compelling arguments that Newfoundland is the inhospitable “Helluland” of the Vinland sagas, which therefore is not the inhospitable Baffin Island as generally assumed, and that the foresty “Markland” is Nova Scotia and “Vinland” is further south, see Hjalmar R. Holand, Norse Discoveries & Explorations in America 982-1362, 1940. In light of these facts, the Norsemen established a settlement on the most inhospitable part of America according to their very lore; therefore, it is to be presumed that they attempted to settle on more hospitable tracts too.) Besides, the conflation of L’Anse aux Meadows with Vinland is unfounded as the latter’s name comes from vines, which according to the saga the Vikings found in abundance, and: “The northern limit of grapes along the Atlantic seaboard is 47°. [L’Anse aux Meadows lies above 51°!] The vine is scarce along the coast of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Maine and New Hampshire. It is only when we reach the shores of Massachusetts that we find it growing abundantly.” (H.R. Holand, op.cit., p. 45)

1963 Dane Thomas Dam’s “troll doll” is named Toy of the Year by the US Toy Association. The same will occur a second time in 1991. Dam lost the US copyrights for the doll in 1965 by case law; these rights were restored to his relatives in 2003.

1964 October 9 becomes Leif Erikson Day in the United States of America. Several states already had Leif Erikson Days, the first of which being Wisconsin since 1929, then Minnesota since 1931, later South Dakota, Illinois, Colorado, Washington, and California. “Because the exact date of Leif’s arrival to the Americas is unknown, the October 9 date was chosen in commemoration of the Restauration’s arrival to New York Harbor, carrying some of the first Norwegian immigrants to the United States.” (Wkpd)

1965 The Logic of Collective Action by economist Mancur Olson, of a Norwegian migrant family, talking of “the power of small, cohesive, and well-organized groups” tends to correct James Madison’s views on the innocuity of minority factions.

1970 Swedish film director Bo Widerberg’s film Joe Hill, about Swedish-American song writer and labor activist (IWW, Industrial Workers of the World) Joseph Hillström (1879-1915) (the film makes use of the song Joe Hill, which Joan Baez had sung at Woodstock festival in 1969).

1971 “The NASA Psychic”: Swedish-born engineer Olof Jonsson performs a long-distance telepathy experiment during the Apollo 14 mission in 1971. Four psychics on earth were chosen to receive telepathic signals from astronaut Edgar Mitchell in space.

1972 The Ecology of Language: Language Science and National Development, foundational work of ecolinguistics, by Einar Haugen, born to Norwegian immigrants. Einar Haugen is also known for his work on The Norwegian Language in America: A Study in Bilingual Behavior, 1953.

1972 A Religious History of the American People, by Swedish-American scholar Sydney E. Ahlstrom.

1972 William Rehnquist, whose paternal grandparents immigrated from Sweden, becomes Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He became the Court’s Chief Justice in 1986, a position he held until his death in 2005.

1973 Establishment of the Laestadian Lutheran Church (LLC) under the name Association of American Laestadian Congregations (current name dates back from 1994), separating from other Laestadian congregations (see 1872ii).

1975 Painter Arnold Friberg, born to a Swedish father and a Norwegian mother, exhibits his painting The Prayer at Valley Forge (depicting George Washington). A member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Friberg also painted scenes from the Book of Mormon in neoclassical style.

1976 Kierkegaard scholars Howard and Edna Hong donate their research collection to St. Olaf College–founding moment of the Hong Kierkegaard Library.

1984 Den lange plovfure (The long plough furrow), published in Denmark, by Danish-American writer Enok Mortensen “is the last novel by an immigrant who participated in the major wave of Danish immigration” (Nielsen & Petersen).

1984 Walter Mondale, whose surname comes from Mundal, a valley and town in the Fjærland region of Norway, is the Democratic Party’s nominee against incumbent President Donald Reagan. One wag joked about his “Norwegian charisma,” and this racist stereotyping is still quoted by scholars and journalists as a witty oxymoron.

1988 Reaganomics by Finnish-American economic advisor of President Reagan, William A. Niskanen. Niskanen chaired the Cato Institute, a libertarian think-tank, from 1985 to 2008.

1992 Danish-born painter Olaf Wieghorst (†1988) is inducted in the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City.

1994 Opening of the Danish Immigrant Museum in Danish Village (enclave of Danish ethnicity) Elk Horn, Iowa. In 2013 the museum was renamed Museum of Danish America. It has a Genealogy Center.

1995 There is also a Danish Heritage Museum in Danevang, Texas. Danevang was proclaimed Danish Capital of Texas by the state legislature in 1995.

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On the Populists and the Nonpartisan League, Upton Sinclair, the famous writer and a Socialist, wrote the following appreciative remarks in his book The Brass Check: A Study of American Journalism (1919) – remarks that illustrate the writer’s indictment of ‘American Journalism.’

Also there were the Populists. The little boy had never seen a Populist, he had never been given an opportunity to read a Populist platform, but he knew all about the Populists from the funny editorials of Charles A. Dana. The Populists were long-haired and wild-eyed animals whose habitat was the corn-fields of Kansas. The boy knew the names of a lot of them, or rather the nick-names which Dana gave them; he had a whole portrait-gallery of them in his mind. Once upon a time the ‘Sun’ gave some statistics from Kansas, suggesting that the Populists were going insane; so the little boy took his pen in hand and wrote a letter to the editor of the ‘Sun,’ gravely rebunking him. He had never expected to read in the columns of the ‘Sun’ a suggestion that the Populists might go insane. And the ‘Sun’ published this feeble product of its own ‘smartness.’ …

The Nonpartisan League is an issue, not only in Minnesota and North Dakota, but all over the country where the interests are in terror of a farmers’ revolt. And so the whole power of the kept press is enlisted to malign it. The League is doing business through the Scandinavian-American Bank of Fargo, and the enemies of the League raid this institution, with the help of subservient public officials, and throw it into the hands of a receiver. From one end of the country to the other goes the story of crooked banking by the farmers’ party, and is featured by the capitalist press. The ‘New York Times’ has several detailed dispatches, also solemn editorials. A week or two later the Supreme Court of the State denounces the proceedings as a conspiracy, declares the bank sound, and orders its return to the owners. The ‘Times’ gives this–not one line! Or take the ‘Kansas City Star,’ a most completely respectable organ, which features the smash-up of a bank, and reports the restoration in a tiny item, giving the name of the bank, but not mentioning it as the League bank–understanding perfectly well that ninety-nine out of a hundred readers will not make the connection, and will not know that the League has been vindicated! …

Or take the Nonpartisan League of North Dakota. All through the war the newspapers strove to make this appear a disloyal organization. The League held a convention at St. paul, at which hundreds of speeches were made; and the Associated Press found it possible to make one of the speakers, La Follette, appear disloyal by misquoting him. So it featured La Follette and reported the other speakers hardly at all. …

Fortunately there are parts of America in which the people have kept at least a part of their economic independence, and have gone ahead to solve the problem of the ‘kept’ press in true American fashion–that is, by organizing and starting honest newspapers for themselves. The editor of the ‘Non-partisan Leader,’ Oliver S. Morris, has kindly written for me an account of the experiences of the Nonpartisan League, which I summarizes as follows:

The League commenced organization work early in 1915 in North Dakota. By the summer of the next year it had forty thousand members, yet no newspaper in the state had given, even as news, a fair account of the League’s purposes. Every daily paper in the state was filled with ‘gross misinformation and absurd lies.’ So the League started a little weekly. With this single weekly, against the entire daily press of the state, it swept the primaries in June, 1916.

Then the League decided to have a daily paper. The ‘Courier-News’ of Fargo had been for sale, but the owners would not sell to the League. The League went ahead to start a new paper, actually buying machinery and taking subscriptions; then the ‘Courier-News’ decided to sell, and its circulation under League ownership now exceeds the total population of Fargo.

The League at present has weekly papers in seven states, with a total circulation of two hundred thousand, and another weekly, the ‘Non-partisan Leader,’ published in St. Paul, with a circulation of two hundred and fifty thousand. It is starting co-operative country weekly papers, supervising their editorial policy and furnishing them news and editorial service; over one hundred of these weekly papers are already going. There is another League daily in Grand Forks, North Dakota, and one at Tampa, Idaho. Finally, the League is going ahead on its biggest venture, the establishment of a daily in Minneapolis. This paper is to be capitalized at a million dollars, and the stock is being sold to farmer and labor organizations throughout the state. Says Mr. Morris : ‘Many professional and business men, disgusted with the controlled press, have purchased stock, and are warm boosters for the League publications.’

As I am going to talk about Prohibition (Volstead Act) in the next section, let me add that Upton Sinclair also wrote a novel in defense of Prohibition, The Wet Parade (1931) (quoted at length in the Comments section below).

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(2)
Prohibitions-Mystik

The noble experiment’ (Herbert Hoover)

The Prohibition Law of 1919 was written by Norwegian-American Congressman Andrew Volstead (Rep.). The Law is known as the Volstead Act. This is perhaps not fortuitous. The only other Western nations in modern times that passed prohibition laws were Scandinavian. In Iceland, Prohibition was adopted in 1909 and lasted up to the 1970s for some beverages like beer. Prohibition in Norway lasted from 1919 to 1926, in Finland from 1919 to 1932, and in U.S. from 1920 to 1933.

I take the opportunity to salute the memory of Eliot Ness (himself a Norwegian-American!) who fought a rather lonely struggle against corruption and the mob. The brilliant homage paid to him and his men by film director Brian De Palma (Untouchables, 1987) is all the more striking since De Palma is of Italian-American background and the mobsters in his film are Italian-Americans, true lazzaroni, the kind of folks whom the Scandinavians active in nativist associations (see entry 1886i) had rather barred from entering America.

H.A. Foss, Den amerikanske saloon

Foss (1851-1929) was a Norwegian immigrant who settled in the Dakotas, where he edited the Normanden. He wrote several books dealing with life on the Great Plains and the social and political problems of his days. His novel Den amerikanske saloon (1889), dealing with the temperance movement, may have had some influence as North Dakota entered statehood in 1889 as a ‘dry state.’

In his 1892 novel Hvide slaver (White Slaves), written with the aim of furthering the Populist cause in the election of that year, Foss describes the economic enslavement gradually imposed on the agricultural West by eastern capitalists.

Den Amerikanske Saloon is Foss’s only work that was translated in English, under the title Tobias: A Story of the Northwest, in 1899. ‘Very rare title, not listed in OCLC or the Library of Congress’ (according to the American librarian who sold me the original copy I own).

The following excerpts (in the original Norwegian of his days) present two opposite views on the policy, as expressed by characters of the novel. These characters express their views from the religious standpoint.

Totalafhold saasom ‘Fritaenkeri’ (Teetotaling as Free-Thinking):

“Jeg ved vel, De har gjennemgaaet meget, men ikke maa De lade slige Griller faa Overhand med Dem. – De, som har været en saa fostandig og gudfrygtig Kvinde, burde huske, at Gud, som lagde Sodoma og Gomorrha øde ved sin Kraftens Haand, han kan ogsaa, om han finder det tjenligt for os, læegge hele Sletten øde, eller omstyrte hvereneste Saloon saa fort, som vi kan blinke med Øiet. Men vi skrøbelige Mennesker! – hvad kan vi i vor Afmagt gjøre mer end at bede og haabe og vente? – Nei, lad ikke Djævlen indbilde os, at vi har Kræfter til at omskabe eller rengjøre Verden.” (sid.170)

“Vi lever i en Vantroens Tid. Vranglærere og Fritænkere dukker op hist og her, og de har ogsaa bragt sit Værk saavidt, at de har rykket to Familier ud af vor kjære Menighed, og det ligger nær at tænke, de ogsaa har rykket dem bort fra Gud. De driver sit Spil under Paaskud af Reform, søger at lære Folket, at de ved egen Kraft kan bli’ lykkelige for Tid og Evighed, bare de vil skrive under paa deres Love og Regler. De vil sætte verdslige Reformer i Stedet for Religionen, Egenretfærdighed i Stedet for Bofærdighed, og de søger at forvrænge Guds hellige Ord og tildels bruge det til Støtte for sin Sag. Medens Bibelen lærer, at Jesus gjorde Vand til Vin, og at Paulus endog udtrykkelig sagde til Timotheus, at lidt Vin vilde gjøre godt for hans Mave, saa siger disse moderne, selvkloge, fantastiske Reformatorer, at Bibelen lærer os at fornegte os al berusende Drik – denne Guds Gave – totalt! – Vildfarelserne er saa store, at man ligesom kan føle paa dem, og jeg tror, det er enhver Kristens Pligt at raabe et Varsko mod dem.” (sid. 180-181)

Tredieparti-Prohibitionister (Third-Party Prohibitionists):

“Temperance mener maadeholdent Brug af alle gode Ting i Verden og totalt Afhold fra alle de onde. Siden Drukkenskaben er en Last, taaler ikke Gud nogen Del af den eller noget Maadehold med den, men venter, at vi skal bede ham om Hjælp til at afstaa fra Lasten og handle, som vi heder. Han har aldrig fat Grændse for Synden eller sagt, vi kan synde saa og saa meget, men straffer den midste Synd som den største. Vi blir aldrig fuldkomne paa Jorden; men, hvis vi med Forsæt tillader og understøtter Laster og Synder og ikke modarbeider dem med de Midler, Gud har ladet os faa raade over, da vil han heller ikke kjendes ved os eller forlade os efter Døden, selv om vi tror, vi har syndet maadeligt. Derfor er det vor Pligt at afholde os fra Nydelsen af Rusdrik, saa vi ikke fordærver Sjæl og Legeme eller forfører Nogen ved vort Exempel, og, da vi har saa store Rettigheder her i dette vort herlige Fædreland, at vi egentlig er dem, som styrer of raader, saa er det os, som kan bestemme, hvorvidt Saloonerne og Fristelserne skal faa existere. Med disse Rettigheder kommer Ansvaret – ja, et stort Ansvar, fordi 200,000 Salooner staar aabne her i Landet idag til at modtage og demoralisere vore unge Søner og Døtre. Det er vor Stemmeseddel, som kan lukke disse Salooner, næst Guds Hjælp, fordi de har Lovens Beskyttelse. Derfor gjælder det for hver stemmeberettiget Borger at kaste sin Stemme mod Saloonen, saa han ikke maa bære Synd eller Skyld i, at 60,000 Sjæle hvert Aar gaar i en fortidlig Grav – fortabt for Tid og Evighed – for Trafikens Skyld. Denne lille Kommune – dette County raader ikke over hele Landet, vet vi; men vi er ansvarlige for vor egen Kreds od udgjør en Sten i Muren af Samfundsbygninger. Sten for Sten maa renses, afslibes of lægges ind igjen sund og solid, om Bygningen skal staa ved Lag. Det er saaledes med Glæde, jeg nedbeder Guds Velsignelse over Eders noble og nødvendige Fortagende, haabende, ret Mange vil slutte sig op til og oparbeide Stemningen, saa I til næste Høst maa kunne staa mandstærke ved Valgurnen of sige: Saloonen maa gaa.” (sid. 250-252)

More on Prohibition in Comments (below).

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Hans Jaeger’s
Fra Kristiania-Bohêmen

Hans Jaeger’s book Fra Kristiania-Bohêmen was seized by the authorities immediatly after its release in 1886 and a new edition was not allowed in Norway before 1950. Jaeger was condemned by a court of law and sacked from his position as stenographer at the Norwegian Parliament (Storting), the same institution that had awarded a life-long annual grant to Ibsen in 1866 (until, I guess, the latter’s death in 1906). Jaeger spent many years exiled in France, where he authored the Anarkiets Bibel (Bible of Anarchy), published in 1906 in Copenhagen.

While his novel was banned in Norway, Norwegian-Americans could read it lawfully in U.S., where it was published in Minneapolis in 1894 by Waldemar Kriedt, who also published the then widely read books of proletarian Norwegian-American writer Lars Stenholt.

Chicago Anarkisterne (The Chicago Anarchists), 1888, by Lars A. Stenholt

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(4)
Johannes Hoving and American Swedendom

Among Swedish-American personalities who devoted time and energy to promote a specific Swedish-American culture among Swedish immigrants in the New World was Dr Johannes Hoving.

Hoving called his autobiography I svenskhetens tjänst. Ur mitt livs dagbok, 1944-1953 (At the Service of Swedendom: Excerpts from my Diaries). Promotion of ‘Swedendom’ among emigrants was the goal of his life, being a leading member in many Scandinavian-American societies of the East Coast.

Other books by Hoving include: Erfarenheter och upplevelser under de senaste tio åren i New York, 1924; & Den svenska kolonisationen i Amerika, 1940

(As I have dealt with Prohibition above, I shall add here that Hoving was opposed to it, and that he names the issue as one of the major reasons he voted in 1933 for F.D. Roosevelt, whose platform included the repeal of the Law. Hoving, a physician, stressed that lobbying was exerted by the sugar and soft drink industry in favor of protracting the ban on spirituals, and that the effects on health of their own products should be put in the balance. Indeed, since then the consumption of sodas has become a major health issue.)

He is the father of Walter Hoving, chairman of Tiffany & Company from 1955 to 1980.

The following are excerpts from his memoirs, to serve as documents on the Swedish-American presence in America.

Svenskarna i Amerika

Johannes Hoving, I Svenskhetens Tjänst II, Skandinaviska Släkt Studie Samfundet 1944, bl. 15-16

Den 2 november [1918] höll jag ett tal på Svenska Ingeniörsföreningen [i New York] om svenskhetens bevarande av följande lydelse:

“Det svåraste problemet vi svenskar ha att lösa i Amerika är bibehållandet av det svenska språket. Lättheten att inhämta andra språk länder i detta fall oss till nackdel, ty genom umgänge med andra folkslag tillägna vi oss lätt deras seder och bruk och deras tungamål. Detta sker ändå lättare med barn, som i skolan höra landets språk och därför snart börja tala endast skolans språk, d. v. s. engelska, om vi ej äro på vår vakt.

Om vi slappna i våra hem och börja svara våra barn på engelska, då de fråga oss på detta språk, så är svenska inom kort förlorad för dem. Om vi däremot ej giva tapt, utan ihärdigt redan från början tvinga barnen att, liksom förr, tilltala oss på svenska och svara dem på svenska, så tappa de ej bort sig, utan kunna fås att jämsides lära sig båda språken och detta naturligtvis till deras egen fördel. Ibland är det t. o. m. lämpligt att giva dem någon belöning för varje dag, då de endast tala svenska till oss. Varje far och mor, som försökt detta vet huru lätt det går och att det endast gäller att vara på sin vakt under några månader – under de första månaderna av barnens skolgång. Senare går det av sig självt. Och då barnen bliva äldre, äro de oss tacksamma för sin större kunskap, då de ha tillfälle att läsa våra stora författare, skalder och vetenskapsmän på originalspråket.

Genom att hålla sig till svenskan som umgängesspråk med barnen, få föräldrarna dessutom alltid ett visst övertag över dem, ty barnen få först senare, om de vinnlägga sig därom, lika stora eller större kunskaper i svenskan, än föräldrarna ha. Om vi däremot tala engelska med dem, få de oftast ett visst övertag över oss och känna sig överlägsna, om vi t. ex. ej tala den korrekta amerikanska engelska, som de få lära sig i skolan. Och därmed kan första steget oförmärkt vara taget i orätt riktning och barnen inbilla sig att föräldrarna även i andra avseenden ej äro så framstående som lärarna i skolan! Genom falsk slutledning kunna de sedan få den förvrängda tron att Sverige och allt svenskt står efter Amerika och allt amerikanskt också i andra hänseenden! Det är beundransvärt att svenskarna i Amerika kunnat bibehålla sin svenskhet så väl som de gjort utan den minsta hjälp hemifrån. Detta gäller kanske i något mindre grad finlands-svenskarna, som är segare i sin språkkamp i Amerika, liksom hemma i Finland.

Ännu under slutet av förra århundradet voro kyrkorna det svenska språkets fastaste stod, men detta förhållande har under de senaste decennierna märkbart förändrade till det sämre. I minst 50 % av de forna svenska kyrkorna predikas nu på engelska och söndagsskoleundervisningen är endast engelsk med ytterst få undantag. Däremot har Vasaordens stora utbredning räddat det svenska språket för stora lager av vårt svenska folk. Ty i alla dess 400 loger talas där endast svenska och, då medlemmarnas barn bli fullvuxna, följa de ofta föräldrarna till logemötena och veta, att där finns en stor organisation, som man kan lita på och där det talas fars och mors vackra språk.

Allt som kan göras för att stärka denna stora svenska organisation, måste göras, ty den är svenskhetens fastaste borg i Amerika. Medan i andra organisationer, som stått direkt eller indirekt under amerikanskt överherrskap, alla andra språk än engelska blevo förbjudna under världskriget – detta påbud utfärdades naturligtvis för att komma åt tyskarna – så bibehöll Vasaorden sin ritual ren och oförfalskad och kommer att så göra i framtiden. Alla som tillhöra Vasaorden känna till detta. Många, som ej tillhöra densamma, ha uraklåtit att sluta sig till densamma på grund av likgiltighet eller med svenskens inneboende oppositionslusta som grund. Han vill helt enkelt ej binda sig, utan önskar att vara fri och oberoende, gud bevara! Om han visste hur mycket mera fri och oberoende han bleve genom att sluta sig till Vasaorden, gjorde han det genast. Och särskilt bör den, som haft lyckan att genom uppfrostan vinna lärdom, sluta sig till Vasaorden, ty han har ett stort ansvar sig pålagt och begår en stor uraktlåtenhetssynd, om han ej försöker vad på honom ankommer att göra sin lärdom fruktbringande för sina medmänniskor, synnerligast inom den nationalitet han tillhör. På detta sätt kan denna nationalitet höjas och vinna i den fredliga kampen med andra nationaliteter till det helas framgång och upplyftelse och till hans egen tillfredsställelse.“

Svenskhetens bevarande

Johannes Hoving, I Svenskhetens Tjänst II, Skandinaviska Släkt Studie Samfundet 1944, bl. 157-159

(Den 23 juli 1922, Worcester, Mass.)

Man har i ledande amerikanska kretsar börjat inse att något måste göras för att hålla samman alla de olika raselementen, som bilda den amerikanska nationen. Man har låtit alltför många underlåtenhetssynder mot dem komma sig till last, delvis av okunnighet eller tanklöshet, delvis av andra orsaker. Man försöker minska eller helt och hållet borttaga de skrankor, som skilja dem åt. Huru detta skall göras, håller man på att försöka finna ut.

Rasfrågan står på dagordningen och är icke lätt att lösa. På densamma byggde man upp den s. k. fred, som slöts i Versailles och annorstädes. Man drog upp nya gränser mellan länderna för att förena samma raselement i Europa med varandra till ett rike. Att den segrande diplomatin därvidlag begick en massa fel, med eller mot sin vilja och avsikt, förhindrar ej att avsikten var den angivna. Man har skäl att frukta den gula rasen och dess framtida övertag på grund av dess överlägsenhet i antal, och man har här i Staterna klart för sig att frågan om den svarta rasen måste lösas på ett eller annat sätt i tid, för att ej framdeles bringa ofärd för nationen.

Den svenska rasens betydelse i världen har blivit föremål för ingående studier där hemma. Man har grundat det första rasbiologiska institut i världen i Uppsala, och fått en av samtidens främsta rasbiologer till chef för detsamma. Det gäller att ingående studera villkoren för den svenska rasens bibehållande ren och oblandad och medlen att förhindra densammas degeneration. Ty denna ras är enligt nutidens främsta rasbiologers och arkeologers forskningar den starkaste bland alla raser och den, som givit världen des största män på andens och framåtskridandets områden, icke allenast i dess urhem Sverige, utan även bland de folk, som sedan årtusenden haft svenskt blandblod. Han anser att de blonda och blåögda överallt i världen härstamma från denna kraftiga ras.

Den finlandsvenska skalden Bertil Gripenberg har i en härtig dikt givit uttryck åt raskänslans styrka, och jag tror att ett citat ur diktan ej vore ur vägen:

Ja, blott en höstgult löv, som virvlar för vinande vinden
är jag – och dock ett löv av den tusenåriga linden,
linden, som sträcker sin rot djupt ner i dunkel och natt,
ner i en jord, som gömmer en helig och hemlig skatt.

Fäder i tallösa led, I stolta skyhöga stammar,
världshav, vars vågor gå med våldsamt dånande kammar,
väldiga träd med rötter, som ingen i världen mätt,
hav med omätligt djup, vars botten ingen har sett.

Sen, jag är dock av er, fastän snart själv skall försvinna,
låten för er ock min snart brunna gnista förbrinna!
Stolthet och lycka det är att vara av ädel stamm,
härligt att driva som skum på de egna vågornas kam.

Er är min vilja och varje tanke föddes i eder
långt före mig i förgätna och hänsvunna tider och leder,

er är den makt, som mig styr över skummande, skymmande hav,
er är den mannagärning, som ödet i livet mig gav. /

Kort är min tid, blott en ensam droppe i världshavet är jag,
redan förvissnad, förgängelsens höstliga guldskrud här jag.
Livet är evigt och mäktigt och grymt och isande kallt,
intet är jag, men min ras och min rot och min stam är allt!

Den som kan skriva så om sin ras, den kan ej visas bort som en paria eller främling av egna stamförvanter!

Vad svenskarna i Amerika beträffar, så voro de lämnade åt sitt öde redan från allra första början. De svenska kolonisterna från 1600-talet voro ju helt uppgivna ganska snart och hade senare, då kolonin gick förlorad, ingen gemenskap med moderlandet. Och dock var rasen så stark, att den givit upphov åt ett släkte, som är uppblandat med de gamla amerikanska familjerna i Pennsylvanien, och vi finna att ett stort antal av dessa trakters främsta släkter med stolthet pekar på sin svenska börd.

De under det senaste århundradet hitkomna immigranterna ha varit här lämnade vind för våg. Men trots detta ha de i stort sett bibehållit sig rasrena i flera trakter av vårt land. De ordnade sig i samhällen, dels av religiös, dels av social art, och samhällskänslan har varit så stark, att ytterst sällan någon svensk fallit det allmänna till last, utan ha landsmän i allmänhet tagit hand om honom, när så behövts. Utom stora kyrkliga samfund grundlades hjälpföreningar, och den som intresserar oss mest är grundandet av Vasaorden, som ju ägde rum för 26 år sedan. Huru detta skedde veta vi alla. Varför Vasaorden fått den spridning den har i dag över hela den amerikanska kontinenten, förstå vi, som tillhöra densamma, men för utomstående kan det vara gott att veta att Vasaordens mål att bibehålla svenskt språk, svenska seder och bruk utgjort ordens verkliga, inneboende styrka samt att medlemmarna sträva att i alla sina åtgöranden handla i sanning och enighet med Vasaordens bästa för ögonen.

Vi böra aldrig glömma att svenska språket är vår härligaste arvedel och att det tillhör alla lika mycket, fattiga och rika, lärda och olärda, svenskar hemma och svenskar utom Sverige. Det är det stora gemensamma, som inga hav och inga gränser splittra eller förinta, om vi blott själva vårda och taga vara på detsamma. Att vi dessutom skola lära oss att tala en god engelska faller av sig självt. Men detta kan göras endast genom att läsa goda böcker och genom självstudium, och alltid finnes där någon ledig stund på dagen, då detta kan ske, om vi blott besluta oss för det.

Vi böra också förändra vår uppfattning om vår egen ras, så att vi ej anse oss stå närmare t. ex. amerikanare av annan ras, än till våra egna stamförvanter. Men denna liknöjdhet och tanklöshet är tyvärr en svensk skötesynd, som dock börjat på att ändras till det bättre där hemma. En organisation, som klarar begreppen om dessa förhållanden, är « Riksföreningen för svenskhetens bevarande i utlandet ». Denna förening har redan uträttat storverk genom att understöda bildningssträvanden i svenskhetens intresse i skilda delar av Europa. Den har skänkt ett bibliotek på 20.000 band till den för 3 år sedan nystiftade Åbo Akademi och har understött och instiftat professuren i svenska språket i de gamla svenska universiteten i Reval i Estland och i Greifswald i Tyskland. Den strävar naturligtvis icke att få dessa länder eller dess befolkning tillbaka till Sverige. För ingen del! Men den strävar att bibehålla svenskhetskänslan hos svenska ättlingar, som leva och bo i dessa trakter, och att utbreda kännedomen om den svenska kulturens praktblommor bland de folk, som med dessa komma i beröring, så att utlänningarna ej av okunnighet må se svenskarna över axeln, som ofta är fallet.

Vi böra här i Amerika tillse, att vid den framtida amerikanska kulturutvecklingen hänsyn tages till vad våra immigranter fört med sig till detta land. Och genom att själva stå i intim kontakt med dem där hemma, med det nya, som där kommer fram på olika områden, bli vi mera i stånd att inverka på utvecklingen här till detta lands egen fördel, liksom till vår.

Nu kunde man ju säga att det är lönlöst för oss att med vårt ringa antal och vår brist på medel försöka inverka på detta stora lands utveckling. Men så illa är det ej ställt. Kriget har öppnat ögonen på många amerikanare, som förut ej intresserat sig för europeiska förhållanden och problem. Många har börjat förstå att detta land dock icke uteslutande är anglo-sachsiskt, utan att här lever en befolkning, som består av olika raser och nationaliteter och som fört med sig en gammal kultur, från vilken Amerika kan med fördel taga upp en del och införliva den med sin egen.

Tiden är mogen för samarbete på alla områden. Genom samarbete kan åstadkommas saker och ting, som man ej på egen hand är stark nog att utföra. Tiden är också mogen för ett samarbete med våra landsmän där hemma i rent Vasasyfte, och jag tror att nästa års utställning i Göteborg, då utlandssvenskarna i stora skaror komma att infinna sig vid utställningen, kommer att bli särskilt lämplig för ett dylikt samarbetes påbörjande. Det gäller endast att börja på rätt sätt, och en Vasaordensloge i Sverige, uppbyggd enligt samma principer, som vi bekänna oss till, skulle verka ofantligt gott för all framtid. Jag tror också att tidpunkten är väl vald för ett dylikt närmande mellan de övriga svenska organisationerna i Amerika och oss. Vasaorden är den största bland dem alla, men alla äro de av samma slag, med samma mål och med samma medel att uppnå målet. Dessutom äro alla dessa organisationers medlemmar av samma ras, ättlingar av samma stam, ha samma karaktäregenskaper och samma historiska bakgrund att bygga på. Då ett intimare samarbete kommit till stånd mellan oss alla av samma ras, så äga vi mera styrka till goda och ädla handlingars utförande till inbördes bistånd och hjälp, än vi nu äga. Då skall den orden, som lånat sitt namn och sin strålande glans från det i hävderna så lysande Vasanamnet, utvecklas och fullkomnas och till slut nå ett mål, större och ärofullare än det redan uppnådda. Då skall i sanning solen ständigt lysa över Vasamedlemmar världen runt!

Some Swedish-Americans

J. Hoving, I svenskhetens tjänst IV, 1948, bl. 192

Såsom uppfinare kunna svenskarna räknas bland Amerikas främsta och det vore omjöligt att uppräkna ens de främsta bland dem. Den första skyskrapararkitekten var svensken Andrew Lanquist i Chicago. Han kallades också „de amerikanska skyskrapornas anfader“. Victor Bendix är känd i hela Amerika för sina bil- och flygmaskinsfabriker, George Jeppson i Worcester för sin tillverkning av slipskivor, Berkander för sina miljonartiklar i celloloid [celluloid], Ernst Alexanderson som expert och uppfinnare på radioteknikens och televisionens område, och chefen för världens största bussbolag, som omspinner hela den amerikanska kontinenten med ett nät av busslinjer, är Erik Wickman, verkställande direktören för och initiativtagaren till „Greyhoundbolaget“. På alla mekaniska avdelningar i alla fabriker av betydenhet finna vi svenskar som chefer och föreståndare, och det har sagts i Amerika, att om de skulle avgå på samma gång, skulle det amerikanska maskineriet avstanna. Deras patenter kunna räknas i tiotusental.

Jamestown: Svenskarnas stad

Johannes Hoving, I svenskhetens tjänst III, sid. 84-86.

Några dagar senare [augusti 1931] skrev jag om svenskarnas stad i Amerika, Jamestown, följande uppsats, som inflöt i N.D.A. [Nya Dagligt Allehanda] och senare i tidningen Skandia i Jamestown:

Svenskarnas stad i New York stat – Jamestown och dess borgmästare

Längst västerut i staten New York, tolv timmars järnvägsresa från den stora Metropolen New York, ligger en jämförelsevis liten stad nära Erie sjöns mäktiga, men idylliska vatten, och omgiven av skogar och berg. Denna stad är Jamestown, som fick sina första bebyggare i mitten av förra århundradet, och genom en märkvärdig ödets skickelse anlände dit också den ena laddningen smålänningar och andra svenskar efter den andra. I dag har staden ett invånareantal av 46 000 och av dem äro något flera än hälften svenskar. Där ha de byggt upp vackra kyrkor – den största svensk-amerikanska kyrkan i Amerika finnes här – skolhus, föreningshus, såsom Nordic Temple, banker, klubbar – Norden Club är den förnämsta i samhället, barnhem, hotell m.m. I Jamestown finnas stora möbelfabriker, där ärligen utställningar hållas, till vilka uppköpare från hela landet komma för att göra sina uppköp, ty Jamestowns fabriker åtnjuta stort och berättigat anseende.

En direkt följd av det svenska inslaget har blivit att denna stad styrs av svenskarna och det göra de på ett sådant sätt, att Jamestown betraktas som en mönsterstad för hela världen, åtminstone för Amerika. Där existerar inga mutskandaler, där äger staden sin vattenledning, för vilken utgifterna betalas genom en låg vattenskatt. Där äger staden numera också sitt elektricitetsverk och förser alla sina inbyggare med elektricitet till ett pris, som är mindre än i någon annan stad i hela landet. Endast 3 ½ cent per kilowatt, medan endast några mil därifrån alla andra städer få betala minst det dubbla. Under de förflutna åren, minst 20, som detta elektricitetsverk varit i bruk, ha staden Jamestowns invånare blivit besparade en utgift av minst 5 miljoner dollar – en ingen liten summa, i sanning!

Stadens skattebetalare ha också mycket mindre utskylder än någon annan stads invånare, ty alla stadens affärer skötas fullkomligt ärligt, utan mutor, och mycket små utgifter har staden att betala tjänstemännen, som sköta det hela. Man måste rent av förvåna sig över att detta kan gå för sig i ett land, där det eljes slösas med allmänna medel och där alla allmänna verk, såsom gasverk, elektricitetsverk, vattenledningar, kommunikationsmedel, renhållningsväsendet etc. alltid ligga i händerna på privata företag, då dessa utskylder eljes bleve alldeles för kostsamma för städerna själva att sköta om. Där finner man också orsaken till att alla järnvägslinjer, telefon-, telegraf- och spårvagnslinjer etc. äro privata företag i Amerika.

Det enda ämbetsverk, som Förenta staternas själv sköter, är postverket, vars generaldirektör är medlem av presidentens kabinett. Detta ämbetsverk går med stor förlust – omkring 15 till 20 miljoner dollar per år – ett säkerligen enastående förhållande, då ju alla andra länder postverkets nettovinst ingår som en säker inkomstkälla i staternas budgeter. Och trots att posten är regeringens ämbetsverk tog det tid innan postverket fick av kongressen rätt att befordra paket – denna politisk strid, som den allmänna opinionen lyckades tvinga senatens in expressbolagens styrelser sittande medlemmar till eftergifter och överlämna paketförsändelserna till postverket.

Men – för att återgå till den av svenskar skötta staden Jamestown – så tror jag att det numera är blott en mening om att den främstaorsaken till att den staden skötts på ett så enastående förträffligt vis är en enda mans förtjänst, nämligen den i Jamestown födde, men till börden småländske borgmästaren Samuel A. Carlsons. Denne man har blivit omvald till denna syssla minst tio gånger – han har alltså suttit i borgmästarestolen i 20 år – detta var 1931 – och har blivit återvald med undantag av en gång, då han för fyra år sedan besegrades av en annan svensk, som delvis på rent okynne uppsattes som hans motkandidat. Det slog emellertid ej väl ut och vid nästa val blev Carlsons majoritet ändå större än förrut.

“Mayor Sam Carlson” har ägnat hela sitt liv alltsedan sin ungdom, då han var medlem av stadens styrelse, närmast motsvarande stadsfullmäktige i Sverige, åt skötseln av stadens affärer. Han har framkommit med det ena utmärkta förslaget efter det andra för att minska utgifterna för de skattebetalande invånarna, men på samma gång lämna dem allt, som är behövligt för livets nödtorft så billigt som möjligt. Staden har i dagarna avslutat ett köp av ett elektricitetsverk, värt 1 miljon dollar, för endast 750 000 dollar, vilken summa betalas dels med ett för detta ändamål sammansparat kapital på 300 000 dollar, medan resten betalas en cent i ökade skatter för hela affären. De stora tidningarna i hela Amerika hålla just på att ventilera denna affär samt en del andra förslag till stadsstyrelsens förbättrande, som borgmästare Carlson just har gjort. Då hans ställning inom borgmästarekåren i staten New York är mycket framstående – han är hedersordförande för detta av samtliga borgmästare i staten bestående borgmästarerådet – så väger hans ord synnerligen mycket, och folket ser upp till denne Jamestowns borgmästare, som innehaft sin syssla längre än någon annan borgmästare i Amerika någonsin haft.

Bland nya administrativa förslag, som i dagarna gjorts av borgmästare Carlson, äro följande mycket intressanta: han föreslår att medlemmarna i stadens styrelse skola väljas på valdagen så, att alla som fått minst 20 % av samtliga röster skola anses valda. På det sättet bli alla minoritetspartier också representerade i stadens styrelse och någon bitterhet väljarna emellan skulle då ej behöva förekomma. En av de tre, som varje väljare vill ha i styrelsen, förser han med ett särskilt märke å valsedeln, och den som sålunda får det högsta röstetalet, blir förklarad vald till borgmästare. Det förefaller som om en hel del sunt förnuft vore till finnandes vid ett på detta sätt företaget val, medan de nu existerande valsätten giva även ringa majoriteter absolut bestämmanderätt över samtliga val. Borgmästare Carlson vill också införa en i endast några städer hittills känd syssla, nämligen en s.k. stadens verkställande direktör (manager), som jämte en till hans disposition ställd nämnd äger att taga hand om stadens samtliga behov, men på samma gång på ett effektivt sätt kontrolleras av stadsstyrelsen och borgmästaren. Mycken tidsbesparing kan på detta vis göras i en stads utgifter, alldeles på samma sätt, som vilket affärsföretag som helst, även de större och största ha en chef, som verkställer styrelsens beslut och är ansvarsskyldig inför styrelsen och aktieägarna – i detta fall väljarekåren.

Det vore att gå alltför långt, om jag skulle ändå mera i detalj ingå på de planer, enligt vilka staden Jamestown skötes eller kommer att skötas av sin borgmästare, men jag kan dock inte underlåta att ytterligare framhålla en hygienisk förordning, som borgmästaren lyckats införa – en förordning, som i början ansågs vara mycket betungande för stadens samtliga husmödrar, men vilka ej mera godvilligt ville återgå till det gamla systemet, om något skulle sättas i fråga av liknande art. Denna förordning utfärdades nämligen för ett tiotal år sedan och består däri, att allt avfall, som samlades i köken i staden, måste paketeras in i papper och snöras om ordentligt, innan de läggas ned i avfallstunnorna för att från dem bortföras utom staden och där förbrännas. En allmän renlighet i hela staden, i alla dess kök och avfallstunnor blev naturligtvis följden av denna i sanning sanitära åtgärd, och flugor finnas numera knappast i den staden!

Vi svenskar kunna vara stolta över denna svenskättling och över hela denna av vårt eget folk styrda stad. Även om där i Amerika finnas flera andra av svenskar styrda städer och samhällen: Rockford i Illinois, Worcester i Massachussets och några till i Minnesota och andra stater, så är där ingen, som kan jämföras med Jamestown i New York i detaljerad och framstående stadsstyrelse.

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XXIX The Science of Sex II

Dr Robin Baker’s Science of Sex II

In his reply to my essay on what I called his Sex Wars trilogy (Dr Robin Baker’s Science of Sex: A Discussion, XXVIII, here), Robin Baker pointed out three blunders I made, and for the rest invited me to read the book he authored with Mark Bellis, Human Sperm Competition. Copulation, Masturbation and Infidelity (1995), which presents the results of their research in a more systematic and detailed fashion. I then ordered the book and read it. The present essay is intended as a sequel to XXVIII; it acknowledges that my non-specialist objections on particular points of Baker’s theory have found satisfactory answers in Human Sperm Competition, and further expatiates on a few inferences I draw from the theory.

human_sperm_competition

As a sequel, the present essay perhaps should not be read before taking cognizance of the content of the original essay (here). A brief introduction on human sperm competition can also be found here (XXVII).

The abbreviations for the book titles have been maintained from the former essay. Further on Human Sperm Competition will be found abbreviated as HSC. I am using the first hardback edition by Chapman & Hall, 1995.

Before I tell how my objections and doubts have been satisfied, one word on the blunders Baker pointed out in his reply (a reply I have posted as a comment to XXVIII). They are three: one on method, two on content.

On the method, I had made some quotes from the collective work Sperm Competition in Humans (SCH) without naming the authors of the passages quoted. I have since then corrected the slip in the text itself, acknowledging the fact in a further comment.

Another blunder I made, this time regarding the content of Baker’s books, was that I construed the expression ‘clear eyes’ as meaning ‘fair eyes’. Hence my questions on this point lacked an actual ground, because they were based on a semantic misunderstanding. Baker made it clear in his reply.

The second blunder on content concerns some figures on the extent of human sperm competition. Baker answered with an extensive quote from HSC showing that my remarks, here again, were groundless. I shall deal with this point more at length, explaining the nature of my blunder, under the head “Conception Via Sperm Warfare: The Figures.”

I shall now proceed with exposing how my objections have been answered, under the same heads, or subtitles, used in XXVIII.

Female Orgasm

Under this head I did not exactly make an objection; it was rather a request for more information. I requested, namely, a confirmation that via copulatory orgasm, as an operation by which the outcome of sperm competition can be slanted, women really manage to discriminate between sperm from different men, and how. I think I now understand the mechanism better.

As I understand things, female copulatory orgasms discriminate between different sperm as long as these are not mixed in one and the same seminal pool. It means that copulatory orgasms are of no avail when two successive copulations by two different men occur before a flowback (expulsion of sperm from the female’s genital tract) has resulted from the first insemination. Quoth: “The overall pattern is more or less as predicted by the ‘upsuck’ hypothesis, female orgasm in some way assisting uptake of sperm from the seminal pool before the remainder of the sperm are ejected in the flowback.” (HSC, 236, box 10.5). & “Orgasm facilitates the passage of sperm from the seminal pool to the cervical mucus. It could do this in one or all of several ways: (1) dipping the cervix further into the seminal pool; (2) promoting greater mixing of cervical mucus and seminal fluid; (3) lengthening and/or increasing the number of seminal projections into the cervical mucus; and/or (4) lengthening the time that the cervix is dipped in the seminal pool.” (HSC, p. 237). Thus, the mechanism of female copulatory orgasm in any case exerts itself on a given seminal pool, and would not be able to discriminate among the content of that pool if composed of various sperm.

As a result, the example I took in XXVII of an orgy is an instance where a woman would be least likely to slant the result of insemination, if male participants inseminate her by turns without interruption, because orgasm upsuck would then apply to a multifarious seminal pool in which the favorite male’s semen is mixed with other males’ sperm. Admittedly, such configuration is relatively rare (even in the context of an orgy, flowbacks may occur between several inseminations, if the participants make breaks; quoth: “Median time to emergence of the flowback after male ejaculation is 30 minutes with a range of 5-120 min” [HSC, 45]) and copulatory orgasms remain useful in the majority of cases of sperm competition, the woman favoring the sperm contained in a homogeneous seminal pool although she may at the moment of orgasm shelter sperm from another insemination in her cervical crypts and/or oviducts (these latter sperm being not impacted by orgasm).

If this is so, it raises a question: What sperm does the penis, in its function of sperm-removal tool, actually remove? Is it only ‘flowback sperm’, so-called, forming a seminal pool in the upper vagina and due to be ejected very soon? Quoth: “Backward and forward thrusting of the penis during copulation, combined with the shape of the penis in a distended vagina should successfully remove a major part of any soft copulatory plug or liquid seminal pool.” (HSC, 171). It thus seems that the answer to the question is yes. However, “The greater the suction, the greater the chance of removing cervical mucus with perhaps older sperm from the cervix itself.” (HSC, 170, box 6.13). I stressed the word ‘perhaps’ because it makes a big difference whether the penis can remove sperm already stored in the cervix or not; for if it cannot, it then applies to present seminal pools merely, that is, in the context present-day customs, it never serves most of times. In the absence of a seminal pool, if we keep assuming that the penis can’t remove sperm stored in the cervix, it can still remove sperm, but it is flushed-out sperm mixed with leucocytes that invalidate them and cells and debris from the female (HSC, 40, box 3.5), that is, sperm unlikely to perform fecundation anyway – sperm that is being removed by the female tract itself (after flowback), without the help of a ‘piston penis’.

As we saw from quote HSC, 45, in general flowbacks occur fairly quickly after intercourse. The probability that another intercourse occurs before flowback should in normal circumstances be deemed small as a consequence, and if ‘flowback sperm’ merely is exposed to the action of the piston penis, it makes the latter’s usefulness rather low. This way open to men to slant sperm competition seems fairly inadequate, whereas the corresponding way open to women, their copulatory orgasms, is effective in most cases and can be foiled by very specific contrivances only (above mentioned), which anyway imply a degree of sperm competition.

The picture I have just outlined, based on my understanding of the facts, is that of a radical asymmetry between women and men in regard of their respective physiological endowments for slanting sperm competition. HSC has provided me with a confirmation that female copulatory orgasm can discriminate among different sperm, in the limits above presented, and with the insight that the limits of the piston penis’ usefulness are important. Of course, we should not disregard the fact that Baker & Bellis consider that the penis can ‘perhaps’ remove sperm from the cervix as well, but they give no clue as to how that would happen.

Oral Sex

My objection, under this head, was that the passive gender in an act of oral sex (men in the case of fellatio, women in that of cunnilingus) should have evolved a dislike for the practice, and that, not only have they not, but according to a study by Eysenck et al. it is the active gender that generally expresses a dislike (men say they dislike cunnilingus, women say they dislike fellatio). As Baker, in his trilogy, presents oral sex as a way to collect information (on health and faithfulness), I could have replied to my own objection myself: since it is about exchange of information, if one partner is eager to get information the other may as well be willing to provide it. Which is what Baker & Bellis say: “The main feature of overt orgasms is that the climaxing individual is giving their partner information. … If the transference of this range of information is sufficiently advantageous to both male and female, it could be enough evolutionarily to maintain the observed behaviour. The main topic of theoretical interest then becomes the optimum ratio of cryptic to overt orgasms for male and female performers and observers.” (HSC, 115).

For the man, giving information is a straightforward transparency operation, but Baker & Bellis hint at another set of motivations for the woman: “As far as the climaxing female is concerned, the interplay of cryptic and overt orgasms is a major part of her strategy to confuse the male over levels of sperm retention. Allowing the male to observe a non-copulatory orgasm could be an important element in this strategy.” (HSC, 115).

As to Eysenck et al.’s study, the fact that primates and other mammals practice oral sex (HSC, 101) may cast some doubt on the validity of its results. Otherwise, it could be that the dislike is true generally and that oral sex is performed because of its strategic importance albeit not accompanied by pleasure, but such a view would run contrary to the notion that evolutionary useful acts are predicted to be pleasurable to their performers.

Ejaculates

Under the present head, I expressed some doubt on the likelihood of an energetic trade-off model, based on the testes’ huge sperm productivity. It turns out the trade-off considered by Baker is not necessarily that which I thought of: “Such restraint over the number of sperm ejaculated when the risk of sperm competition is low implies that males suffer some disadvantage if they ejaculate too many sperm on any given occasion. Two main disadvantages have been suggested: (1) that the sperm and other constituents in an ejaculate are costly to produce (Dewsbury, 1982); and (2) that, in the absence of sperm competition, the more sperm a male ejaculates, the lower his chances of fertilizing the egg(s) of the current female (Baker & Bellis, 1993).” (HSC, 24). So, the idea of an energetic trade-off is credited to Dewsbury, whereas Baker & Bellis, quoting their own research, hint at another phenomenon, namely that too many sperm may act as a chemical weapon against the woman’s eggs.

My objection taking sperm productivity into account (for the figures, see XXVIII) could still hold against Dewsbury’s model, but it is limited to sperm and I have nothing to say about the productivity of ‘other constituents’ of an ejaculate, i.e. the seminal fluid, which may be much more costly to produce and spend than sperm themselves.

Baker & Bellis do not formally reject Dewsbury’s model and in at least one occasion they seem, on the contrary, to rely on it: “The disadvantage of small testes should be that their possessors produce fewer sperm per day and thus, all else being equal, must either: (1) ejaculate less often and, on average, inseminate older sperm; or (2) ejaculate as often and, on average, inseminate fewer sperm.” (HSC, 111). Such calculations are based on a cost analysis of sperm production and seem to imply the validity of Dewsbury’s energetic trade-off as regard sperm themselves.

Furthermore, the idea that sperm competition itself has being selecting big testes for their capacity to produce more sperm and thus give their owner an advantage in sperm competition, fits the energetic model. There is, seemingly, no way to escape the model, no matter how the figures of sperm production make the very idea of a trade-off along energetic lines puzzling.

Accordingly, Baker & Bellis’s careful conclusion is not surprising: “At present, we cannot determine the relative importance of this factor [optimizing sperm numbers according to levels of sperm competition] and any constraint on sperm numbers due to the cost of producing ejaculates (Dewsbury, 1982). Inevitably, ejaculate cost must have been a factor in the evolution of species-specific rates of sperm production. It is possible, however, that at least for mammals ejaculate cost could be less important than the factors discussed here in influencing restraint over the number of sperm inseminated on any given occasion.” (HSC, 227).

Conception Via Sperm Warfare: The Figures

Baker has replied to my remarks under this head by quoting extensively the relevant passage from HSC (see his reply in comment on XXVIII). To put in a nutshell, I had lost sight of one important possibility, which Baker & Bellis put thus forth: “a female may be paired to one male, conceive by another (via infidelity, and perhaps sperm competition)” (HSC, 200, box 8.4). When writing that part of my essay, I fancied that no woman would conceive via infidelity without sperm competition, because I overlooked the possibility of breakdowns in routine sex. Given that “On average, human pairs engage in IPC [intrapair copulation] at median intervals of about every three days” (HSC, 206), and that Baker & Bellis retain a life expectancy of sperm inside the female tract of 5 days (they present this figure as a conservative estimate), in the normal course of events no female infidelity goes without sperm competition. But one must not rule out the possibility that some men may be crazy enough to neglect routine sex with their long-term partner, or that ‘accidents’ can occur, and that a woman might cheat her partner when he has been lying on a hospital bed for weeks. Because of that blunder of mine, the discussion of the figures in XXVIII is meaningless.

With this head, the discussion of the strictly biological aspects of Baker’s writings is through. I have acknowledged my mistakes as far as I could detect them, and I now proceed to some social considerations, where I find my opinions are more solid.

Pornography

HSC does not deal with pornography as such. However, some passages confirm my point of view as to how the phenomenon should be construed. As previously stressed, Baker has evolved from the idea that Western societies are becoming increasingly puritanical to the more optimistic view that the current ‘generation porn’ represent an emancipated and enlightened brand of humanity. My own view is that neither picture is correct, but rather that there is a risk that we become increasingly incapacitated sexually. Puritanism has sometimes been construed as a way to cope with sexual inadequacies, but as an ideal of strict monogamy, it cannot, except in marginal cases, be interpreted as such, and Puritans of the past are known among other things for their philoprogenitiveness.

From the evidence of SF 279-80, I have stressed that prostitution in the West has been declining. (Although he provides the figures on which I rely, Baker himself does not construe them in this way; he just offers them as evidence of prostitution in the USA and UK.) In the past, particularly when brothels were legal and widespread, many a young man would have his first sexual experience with a prostitute (of which scores of novels attest, as well as sociohistoric literature). These data make one conclusion pretty tempting, I should think, and HSC buttresses it: “Inexperienced male monkeys and chimpanzees, when encountering a receptive female, become strongly sexually aroused but are often so awkward at attempting intromission that the mating is never completed. Adults who have been denied the opportunity to gain sexual experience when younger are often unable to copulate (Ford and Beach, 1952). A level of experience with other males would be of obvious advantage in increasing the success of an individual’s first mating opportunitites with a female. There may well be some advantage in using other males as targets for practice rather than females. Females, because of the risk of conception, may less often than males be prepared to allow males the opportunity to experiment.” (HSC, 118). Needless to say, Baker & Bellis generalize the findings to humans. In a nutshell, they credit homosexual practice with the same ‘educative’ virtues evidenced by prostitution in the past.

So, if it is true that prostitution has declined (and let the reader be reminded of recent legal developments in some countries such as France, where paying for the services of a prostitute has been criminalized; this criminalizing occurring at a time when prostitution has already sharply declined, law-makers cannot contain the lyrical flows of their eloquence against such a barbarous exploitation of women, failing to see, or rather feigning not to see the far more impressive figures of pornography), if, I say, prostitution has declined, and homosexuality has not increased in due proportion, of which I am not aware (and Baker says it remains stable), certainly one should expect that more men stay virgins for want of experience at the right time.

Do contemporary mores compensate for that? At least two elements should induce us to doubt it. First, feminism has been a strong deterrent to male urgency, as well as the most recent forms of democratism: the vanishing of an utterly dependent servile class has narrowed opportunities for well-off young men to inseminate female servants with the certainty of avoiding unpleasant consequences. Some stories by a Maupassant, for instance, cannot but be met with incredulity nowadays, although they may be more realistic in the context of his time. Second, the mediatic buzz about AIDS, now receding, has certainly played a deterrent role. I have shown elsewhere (here, in French) that the treatment of this sexually transmitted disease by the French media in the nineties was disproportionate. I have shown that, at the apex of the AIDS razzmatazz, an heterosexual individual was 55 times more likely to die in a car accident, and 10 times more likely to die assassinated; and that drugs-addicts were far more likely to contract AIDS via intravenous injection by contaminated syringes (one out of 25 drugs-addicts was then expected to die from AIDS) than gays via sexual intercourse! The buzz must have had a powerful deterrent effect, especially since the only known way to prevent AIDS apart from abstinence, the condom, could never be deemed 100% safe. On this last point, I reminded my reader of the failure rates generally acknowledged, but HSC brings forth even higher figures: “condoms retain a high chance of fertilization. Although, when used properly, the risk of conception with a condom may be as low as three pregnancies per 100 woman years, in normal usage the risk varies from 5 to 30 pregnancies per 100 woman years. This is up to about half the risk experienced by a fertile couple with no protection.” (HSC 178). A risk of conception means a risk of contracting STDs as well. With such a miracle weapon against AIDS – and AIDS, for a long time, has meant certain death at the end of ghastly sufferings – I can’t see many a reasoning mind taking the risk lightly, especially when the horrors of the disease are blasted in your ears daily, year in and year out.

In such a context, what can pornography do for us? I think I know what it can for its producers, but for the viewers it cannot serve the same ‘educative’ purposes as homosexuality (according to Baker) and/or prostitution. At best, it remains theoretical knowledge. At worst, as stressed by sexual ‘educators’ of the past, like Wilhelm Reich, it generates anxiety. Young viewers, especially, might be led to see themselves as inadequately equipped for sex, both physically, with respect to penis size, comparing with the performers’ penises, and psychologically, perceiving that they cannot be callous enough to engage in sexual games.

This is my own interpretation of what Lundberg & Farnham (already quoted in XXVIII) call, with their psychoanalytic lens, an ‘extensive psychological castration of the male.’ It stresses the dismantling of sex-educative institutions for men, and their replacement by a counterproductive substitute.

Incidentally, contrary to common belief, pornography may well be consumed by women. I have already hinted, in my previous essay, at studies cited by Zillmann concerning physiological reactions to erotica. In the current belief, held including by some evolutionary psychologists, such as Gad Saad, holder of a chair on ‘Darwinian consumption’ (sic) at Concordia University (Montreal, Canada), pornography appeals to male psychology, while women are interested in romance novels à la Barbara Cartland (The Consuming Instinct, 2011). No doubt men find no appeal in romance novels, but women’s taste for such books is only one side of the coin. They appeal to a woman as seeker of a long-term partner, seeker of the gentleman who will help her raise her children and who therefore must be faithful, caring, protective, considerate, earn a lot of money, and so on. But remember that the gentleman in question is a springboard for the woman as seeker of gene-providing lovers (springboard model). In this latter state of mind, any reason preventing pornography from appealing to her may be illusory.

In conclusion, the situation, I believe, is like the French saying “Ce sont ceux qui le font le moins qui en parlent le plus” (the less they do it, the more they talk about it), but at the collective level. The fact that “sex is everywhere, from Web to television” (Baker, in his 2006 introduction to SW) is not reassuring, really, even from a non-Puritan point of view. To make it clear from an analogy, the current tendency, in Hollywood movies, to depict heroines as women of action coping with obstacles with their muscles, comes handy. An alien from Mars watching such movies would get a very inaccurate picture of our reality. The motives behind such a distorted picture I can only surmise: on the one hand the need to keep making popular action movies for cash, on the other hand the moral imperative to give women a fair share in our symbolic representations…

But I am no prophet of doom and I bring, instead, a message of hope. Hags can take the place of whores! There is already, I am told, a significant trend in pornography depicting female performers far past the age range usually appealing to men in search of mates (see what these evolutionary determined preferences are in XXVIII). Old women, the refuse of sex life, would be attractive enough to inexperienced men (inexperienced past experiencing age) who badly need training to improve their self-confidence – the training men used to have with prostitutes in more relaxed times. If one of these men can get his hands on such a one, and they are easily available for the prurience never dies, he will give her the time of her life, being like a starved beast of prey, and having developed severe, and interesting, deviations – imaginations. Hence, the refuse gets the best.

Optimizing vs Maximizing

On this topic I will be discussing also a source of Baker & Bellis, namely Despotism and Differential Reproduction. A Darwinian View of History (1986) by Laura Betzig.

My objection was to Baker’s prediction that world population will stabilize in the future (at 11 billion individuals around 2100, a fairly precise prediction). HSC details his arguments. Quoth: “There is a close relationship (a) between family size and life expectancy (P = 0.008, controlled for the geographical areas illustrated) which is not significantly different from the relationship (b) between family size and use of moder contraception (P = 0.004).” (HSC 182, box 7.4). Baker & Bellis here discard modern family planning as having played a motor role in the demographic transition. According to them, contraceptive methods “enhance psychological predispositions and strategies evolved much earlier in mammalian history” (HSC 183), and life expectancy is the key factor. As this factor increases in developing countries, birth rates will diminish, as they have diminished in Western countries with the increase of life expectancy, to stabilize at the number of children that optimizes reproductive success – a number that according to Baker fixes at replacement level, i.e. two children per woman.

This model relies on differential observations about developed and developing countries, rich and poor, and the same observations seem to hold for individuals inside countries: “A first attempt to model the situation was made by Rogers (1990). The conclusions were that at the lower wealth ranges of a population, long-term fitness is maximized by using the currently available wealth to maximize family size. The more wealthy ranges, however, gain relatively little from increasing family size and thus may benefit, in long-term reproductive success, from limiting family size so that those few offspring raised are reproductively more successful. As Rogers recognizes, the conclusions are sensitive to a number of assumptions. At the very least, however, the model shows that the reduction in family size during the demographic transition could well have been a response that actually increased individual reproductive success.” (HSC 183).

Interestingly, these views seem to buttress my own linguistic argument on the etymology of the word ‘proletarian’, an argument I used against Baker’s prediction. My construction of this word derived from Latin proles, i.e. offspring, as meaning those who make many children, is not partaken as such by linguists or Latinists. Generally speaking, the word is construed as meaning those who possess nothing but children, or in the classic Latin-French dictionary by Gaffiot, “qui ne compte dans l’État que par ses enfants” (whose worth in the state depends entirely on his children); but both constructions imply some maximizing reproductive behavior, because if one’s wealth, or worth, equals one’s number of children, then one will maximize one’s number of children, for in the case of wealth or worth a distinction between optimizing and maximizing is irrelevant.

So, both Rogers and I agree that lower classes make more children. However, Darwinian theory, as Betzig explains, predicts that the more wealthy and powerful one is, the more women he will inseminate: “As a rule, the evidence is overwhelming that rich and powerful men do enjoy the greatest degree of polygyny cross culturally” (Betzig, 1986, p. 34), and she quotes Darwin: “Polygamy … is almost universally followed by the leading men in every tribe.” Baker & Bellis, quoting another book by Betzig, write the same, adding some historical restrictions: “the advent of agriculture and animal husbandry (c. 15 000 years ago) seemed to herald a universal swing in the human population towards polygyny and extreme reproductive inequality between males (Betzig, 1988). … The critical factor in this swing seemed to be the clumping of resources associated with agriculture and husbandry and the inevitable increase in differences between males in the resources they could accumulate, defend and offer.” (HSC, 140).

Both sets of data seem hard to reconcile. Why didn’t polygynous men of the past optimize their reproduction and why, instead, did they make more children than proletarians? Had they not a higher life expectancy than the subjected populations? If I had read Betzig before, to be sure, I wouldn’t have written that proletarians have been making more children ‘from the remotest antiquity’ on (XXVIII) without further consideration.

Betzig circumscribes yet another time limit in the validity of her ‘Darwinian view of history’: “A decline in both despotism and differential reproduction seems to coincide with industrialization.” (Betzig, 1986, 97). She hypothesizes that, in a context of technical specialization, a decrease in differential reproduction is a necessary concession from the ruling classes to the useful specialists (p. 104). In the same way that, at the beginning of the twentieth century, some intellectuals warned that Darwinian survival-of-the-fittest mechanisms did not function any longer and there were no more natural checks to the proliferation of defects in industrial societies, which were therefore doomed to see the burden of defective individuals increase, we here have another cesura in our Darwinian view of history across the industrialization line, with differential reproduction reversing from the haves to the have-nots. (Or is it the same idea?)

First of all, the data presented by Betzig might not impair my position as to the behavioral characteristics of proletarians in the remote past as much as one may think, because rich men’s polygyny increases also poor women’s, their servants and others’s philoprogenitiveness, whereas rich women’s reproduction may remain suboptimal.

(As a parenthesis, I would like to expatiate on this point by dismissing a possible objection to my statement in XXVIII that a rich man who cuckolds a poor man contributes to widening the gap between the actual and optimum number of children in that poor family. The objection would be that the poor women having routine sex with their poor partners anyway, children will be born even without a rich man cuckolding the poor man. This is not quite so simple, because a woman is more likely to become pregnant in the course of extra-pair copulation [EPC] than of IPC: “The more fertile the female (i.e. in terms of stage of menstrual cycle and type of contraceptive), the higher the proportion of copulations that are double matings.” [HSC, 198] & “Women are significantly more likely to use contraception during IPCs than during EPCs, particularly double matings.” [ibid.] & “There is a clear increase in the incidence of EPCs, including double-matings, when the risk of conception is greater.” [HSC, 197, box 8-3]. Statistically, my remark must hold true.)

Second, one should perhaps distinguish, even before industrialization, between sex warlords and bourgeoisie. Sex warlords, due to their military way of life, might have had a life expectancy that was hardly higher than their subjects’s. As a result, they too maximized their offspring. Bourgeoisie, on the other hand, is the shrewd and prudent class; they optimize. Baker & Bellis talk about those suboptimal men in sperm competition who are most willing to take a wife as a long-term partner and as a consequence must specialize in parenting skills. What are these parenting skills if not the self-same skills that enable men to provide for the needs of a family in the long run? This is bourgeoisie, biologically speaking.

Finally, even before industrialization, there must have existed in the very social structure checks to extreme reproductive inequalities. Especially in despotic societies, the social pyramid (▲) is the inverted picture of the alleged reproductive pyramid (▼). In the Ottoman Empire, at the passing away of the sultan, one of his numerous children was placed on the throne at the end of shadowy court intrigues (in which women would play a great part) and all his siblings exterminated, so his reproductive success must be regarded as not so very great after all. In Western feudal aristocracies, among which property was indivisible, only the first-born male inherited the land and title. The second-born was destined to become a sterile cleric in the Church, the other ones making a career in the military or disappearing altogether from the scene, in the commonalty. Property being indivisible, feudal interests are disconnected from the number of children; besides the biological urge, there is no social incentive to make many children. Conversely, among classes or under regimes in which conveyances are divided, the interest of the family is clearly to reduce the number of children; dynastic (family) success is impaired by transmission to many siblings.

These several considerations tend to promote the idea that data from primitive tribal societies as regards reproductive inequality ought to be taken with a pinch of salt when discussing other types of societies, civilizations namely, however remote.

I shall now proceed to a few other considerations that the reading of HSC has newly triggered.

Ejaculation

Under the head “Ejaculates” in my previous essay, I described a theoretical model of female mate-guarding I had designed based on a number of assumptions, particularly concerning male ejaculation. The idea was that the volumes ejaculated by a man depend only on time elapsed between ejaculations, and that this allows the woman, in a context of routine sex, to detect, through interoceptive evaluation of the volume ejaculated, unfaithfulness (or cryptic ejaculations outside her). I have found in HSC that such an assumption (volumes depending on time) has been made by biologists too. Baker & Bellis call it the ‘physiological constraint model’: “This model assumes that, at each IPC, males inseminate all of the stored sperm mature enough to be ejaculated. On this model, number of sperm inseminated at each IPC will be a function of time since last ejaculation and the rates at which sperm mature (minus those which are shed or destroyed.” (HSC, 208). They dismiss it, based on laboratory evidence, and propose instead their own ‘topping-up model’, of which I have already talked.

However, another consideration could save my own model, because I have discarded it offhand on a certain misunderstanding and confusion. What the topping-up model is dealing with is the number of sperm ejaculated, not the volume of seminal fluid, and in my own story the important factor is the volume of seminal fluid inseminated in the genital tract, because it is that volume that would be sensed, and evaluated or measured, by an hypothetic interoceptive sense of the woman (not so hypothetic, perhaps, because we will all agree that the genital tract is sensitive; the question is whether its sensitivity would allow the woman to perform the evaluation I surmise).

HSC confirms that the volumes of seminal fluid and the volumes of sperm are two different stories: “In principle, a female could also gain from stimulating her partner to ejaculate without copulation in order to observe the amount of seminal fluid ejaculated by the male. This could give some information on how long it is since last ejaculated. However, as seminal fluids recover relatively quickly (Mann and Lutwak-Mann, 1981), the female could probably only tell whether the male had ejaculated in the previous 12 hours or so. Within the context of her partner’s infidelity, however, this could still be useful information.” (HSC, 115) Baker & Bellis come to the same idea of female mate-guarding through information got from the amount of seminal fluid ejaculated, but they apparently do not think such estimates possible inside the female genital tract: the information has to be gathered from ‘ejaculates without copulation’, be it through masturbation or fellatio. This being said, they explain how such information from seminal fluid works, and what kind of assumptions it allows.

Perhaps the data could be further refined, and correspondences established between volumes of ejaculated seminal fluid and sperm, to see if any correlations exist (if such studies exist, I pray the reader to forgive me for being a layman.) Let us assume for a moment a strong correlation between the amounts of both elements, seminal fluid and sperm, during ejaculation (although we’ve just seen the story is different for each). That would allow my model to stand on its feet, beside the topping-up model, with only one further restriction. If the volumes ejaculated depend on (1) time elapsed since last ejaculation and (2) time spent together by the partners (topping-up model), the woman could still detect the man’s infidelity via estimates of the volumes he ejaculates in her tract, thanks to an hypothetic interoceptive sense, if the partners have regular routine sex and if at the same time they have adopted a regular, routinized way of life by which they spend the same amount of time together from one week to the other. Such conditions being fulfilled, any variation of the volumes would warn the woman that something is afoot. A process of extreme routinization in every aspect of life is implied in successful mate-guarding.

Male Opportunism

Under the head “Male Masturbation,” I expatiated on some views I had published elsewhere, the gist of which was that the young man refraining from the practice would be sending signals to women that he is sexually ‘on’. “So what?” a biologist might reply, “Don’t you know that males are urgent and females coy (HSC, 13, box 2.7)? Even if the woman gets signals, being coy she can’t make nothing of it. A male sending signals, that makes no sense; the man just takes action.” It is true that such views of mine at first sight do not quite fit the urgent-coy dichotomy, nor the more popular one of active-passive. To my mind, the male is opportunist: not so much active as ‘activated’. Truly active men are sexual predators and rapists; the bulk of us is not in search of preys but of opportunities. In the absence of certain signals, the man remains passive. I contend he can force the woman to send signals to him, by pleasing her. The idea of opportunism is of course implied in male urgency, but it qualifies it. Unqualified urgency is predation.

Another way to get at the idea of opportunism is, indirectly, through the notion of coquettishness and of a coquette. The word has fallen into desuetude, but Henry James’s stories and novels, for instance, give us a clue as to its importance in not so remote a past. A coquette was not a fallen woman yet, but she could not be regarded as a lady any more. In a nutshell, the coquette would send deceptive signals to opportunist men, she would ‘activate’ them for the mere fun of it, and that was a disgrace.

A man who gets signalled at by women everywhere he goes is what I shall call, for the sake of simplicity, an alpha male. Beta or zeta males often enough admit they suffer from woman’s choosiness (a consequence of her coyness), but they know what an alpha male is; when they spot one, they do their best to become one of his close acquaintances. It’s the best way they can find to get access to women, because an alpha male is bound to create much disappointment among the feminine crowds that signal at him madly (there is just not enough time in a man’s life to enable him to lavish his assiduities in all directions whence the signals come), and, either by despair or resentment, many broken hearts will let the zeta boys bring them a much-needed solace. It’s the well-known story of Elvis’s hairdresser and that of the inconspicuous bassist of the Rolling Stones. (I hope these examples will not appear too trivial. I know many a savant book on the market proffers abundant trivialities, but I have always thought they come from the editors of the publishing house’s staffs, rather than from the authors themselves.)

Penis Size

But let us return to our favorite subject, on which Baker & Bellis provide us with new insights.

Quoth: “when the lineage leading to the genus Homo began to evolve large brains and hence large vaginas, selection was imposed, via sperm competition, on males with larger penises.” (HSC, 174). Here I perceive some circularity in the reasoning. Baker & Bellis say that large penises are better able to remove alien sperm from large vaginas. As we have seen under the head “Female Orgasm” at the beginning of this essay, a large penis is a significant advantage only in the context of rampant promiscuity, for we have expressed some doubt on the possibility that the penis be able to remove sperm stored in the cervix (although Baker & Bellis say it ‘perhaps’ can). If it cannot remove cervical sperm, its action is limited to flowback sperm, so-called, that is sperm forming a seminal pool in the upper vagina, after insemination and before flowback. Which means, its utility is limited to cases of intercourse occurring shortly after another intercourse has taken place with the same female. Thus, a significant selective pressure towards large penises could not exist outside rampant promiscuity (perhaps circumscribed to limited mating seasons). But rampant promiscuity, like among chimpanzees, goes with large penises. Chimpanzees have the highest penis size to body size ratio among the principal primate species; are their brains particularly large ? 275-500 cm3, compared with small-penis gorillas: 340-752 cm3, prlease find the brain size to body ratio for both, and tell me which species has the greatest. If chimpanzees do not have large brains, large brains are not causative in any sense among them.

Another insight I would like to discuss under the present head: “If penis size is an important factor in sperm competition, it would be surprising if males and females did not have some reaction to penis size. First, males should perceive males with a penis larger than themselves as more of a threat if they ever show a sexual interest in the same woman. Second, females should prefer to mate with males who will give them male descendants with a penis more efficient at removing a rival’s sperm.” (HSC, 174).

It has been remarked (in German völkisch circles), based on the evidence of Greek statues, that small-penis men have been selected against inside Caucasoid populations. It would not be a waste of time to collect penis measurements on an appropriate sample of Greek statues, treat them with tables of correspondence or a formula converting penis size at rest into size during erection, and then compare the results with the data provided by HSC on contemporary penis sizes: for Caucasoids 14-15 cm on average (HSC, 169, box 6.12, from Rushton & Bogaert, 1987). (Incidentally, I remember that, in high school and college, a persistent rumor was that the average size of an erect penis was 18 cm. The adverse effects of such an evil rumor on the self-confidence of inexperienced young men are easy to imagine. The psychologic warfare waged in the field of sex notions is endless. Another fiendish rumor construed testicular asymmetry, the normal case, as an abnormality that required chirurgical intervention.) No doubt the results of such a study would confirm that small-penis men have been selected against from antiquity to modern days.

One cannot rule out, of course, some artistic convention. Ithyphallic satyrs, for instance, are represented with huge penises. The convention would then reflect the notion of a trade-off: testosteronized hormotypes are beastlike unspiritual beings. One could also contend that, as most of these statues were orders from the upper classes, from priests for temples, from wealthy individuals for private altars and esthetic enjoyment, and from rulers for publicity, they reflect these classes’ hormotypes. That is, Greek upper classes were not particularly testosteronized. Which leads to the incident question as to how testosterone is distributed in society. Given the manner in which I describe the bourgeoisie, above, I am not expecting that upper classes be highly testosteronized as a rule.

Sexual Indifference?

Another of my previous contentions I would like to discuss further. I talked about a possible sexual indifference arising with time from restraint, but as I did not expatiate on what I meant, some may find the statement bold and oppose me with the medical evidence that shows that on the contrary sexual restraint provokes perversions and other forms of mental trouble.

I always found baffling the idea that Puritans, who are married men, should be deemed better examples of moral ‘self-conquest’ than Catholic clerics, who, normally, are sexually abstinent. Max Weber, for instance, calls Puritans “virtuosi of asceticism,” as if it were more ascetic to live monogamously with one wife than to abstain from sex altogether. The conclusion I have drawn from the ubiquity of such a judgment, if this judgment be unprejudiced (to be sure, it is absent from such a profound book as The Varieties of Religious Experience by William James), is that it is more difficult not to be a lecher when having sex routinely than to remain consistent and firm in one’s abstinence, and that it must be because over time abstinence creates an indifference to sex – rather than perverted tastes – becoming a habit, maybe not too unpleasant nor too uncomfortable, and thus not so praiseworthy as the resisting temptation of extra-pair intercourse by a married man engaged in routine sex year in and year out. Even more so if abstinence leads to impotence in the long run, because then a eunuch has no merit at all abstaining from sex. It is perhaps more difficult also for the routine-sex man to refrain from consuming alcoholic drinks and other intoxicants, from seeking base entertainments and other things associated with a worldly unascetic life, from anger, envy, resentment, whereas overriding these would be a mere trifle for the no-sex man (qui peut le plus peut le moins) and not so meritorious as a consequence. – Unless the whole affair is a misunderstanding on my part, and in the above statement by Weber is implied, rather, that Puritans have succeeded in their ideal of monogamy whereas the Catholic clergy has failed in his own ideal of sexual abstinence, be it through masturbation, and thus has always been a community of failures and frauds.

The Pill

From the quotes HSC 197 and 198 above, it must be clear that a woman taking the pill is less likely, all other things being equal, to cuckold her partner, because a woman normally cuckolds her partner during the fertile phases of her cycle. So much so for the sexual adventurism of contemporary women.

Paternity Tests

In Sex in the Future, published in 1999, Baker lays great hopes on the paternity test technology; his visions of the future are grounded on the basic idea that the technology will become widespread. Fifteen years later, why are paternity tests not a common feature yet? Why have smartphones become in a few years, or even months, a staple of the Western world, and not paternity tests? Why such inertia? The market exists; over the last couple of years, there has been 3.9 million births each year in the US alone, 10 700 births per day.

The answer is that free access is not enough. The state must make tests compulsory for each birth. Otherwise, the technology will never spread, it will remain restricted to litigation as it is today and has always been since it has become available. Why, if the man asks his partner to take a test, she will be disgusted by his suspicion, or terrified at the idea of being exposed, and she will miscarry. No man can ask for a test in free-market conditions. I suppose no man has ever asked for it.

Consequences of a generalization would be far-reaching indeed, notably in one direction untold by Baker. The polygynous is a kind of parasite of the monogynous. The monogynous can (and had rather) live without the polygynous, whereas the polygynous needs the monogynous in order to cuckold  him behind his back. No doubt, often enough crop up in the monogynous’ mind fantasies of uprooting. Is he to blame for that? No more than the polygynous for his cuckolding. With paternity tests generalized, the wheat would be separated from the chaff – in this world.

Mutations

“It is a mathematical inevitability that populations come to be dominated by those heritable characteristics that impart greatest multiplication power to the descendants of the lineage founder.” (HSC, 7, box 2.2). This is the fundamental of ‘behavioral ecology’ and what allows her to speak of reproductive ‘success’ and ‘failure’. To complete it, “Thus, when we come to examine the sexual behaviour of humans or other animals at the present time, we are seeing populations that are dominated numerically by heritable characteristics that imparted the greatest multiplication power on generations of past possessors. This statement has the certainty of all mathematical axioms and as such is immune to any further philosophical or ideological discussion.” (ibid.) I certainly do not wish to discuss a mathematical axiom, but in case it would serve as a call to “multiply and replenish the earth,” that is as a moral rule of conduct, I may have some objections to present on philosophical grounds.

As Oscar Wilde said, “The only thing one really knows about human nature is that it changes. Change is the one quality we can predicate of it. The systems that fail are those that rely on the permanence of human nature, and not on its growth and development.” (The Soul of Man Under Socialism). At the root of change in living forms, we find mutations, so the future belongs to mutants. If the future belongs to mutants, it doesn’t matter in the least whose offspring it is that mutates. The mutant of the future does not look more like his ancestor than like any sterile individual of our days.

When a mutation procures a sustainable advantage and creates a mutant species, it is not the qualities my descent and I do share that are important to my descent, but those they and I do not share. Were my descent not my descent, but another’s, it would be the same; my mutant descent and I are strangers to each other, in virtue of that very minority rule that is at the ground of inclusive fitness or kin selection: “Any two members of a species, whether they belong to the same family or not, usually share more than 90 per cent of their genes. What, then, are we talking about when we speak of the relatedness between brothers as ½, or between first cousins as 1/8? The answer is that brothers share ½ of their genes over and above the 90 per cent (or whatever it is) that all individuals share in any case.” (Richard Dawkins, The Selfish Gene, 30th Anniversary Edition, p. 288). If the genes I share with a few are of more paramount importance to me than the genes I share with many, then the genes I am the only one to possess are the top of the top, and the rest is so much rubbish. Thus could speak the mutant’s body.

By the way, remember what I said about those hopeless low-status women, who would maximize their offspring in any case because they can expect nothing but a miracle. Here the miracle is the mutation. If we aim at giving birth to the founder of the mutant lineage of the future, then we must maximize the number of our children. Away with optimizing!

Technology vs Biology

Biologists occasionally report the attacks they are subjected to, because of their writings, by mystics and philosophers, but they fail to see, seemingly, that their most dangerous enemy is not those metaphysicians and literati, but technology – not because technology would prove biologists wrong, but because it is going to make their knowledge unimportant, at best anecdotal, when intelligence becomes independent of any genetic support.

No doubt biologists can explain technological developments in Darwinian terms, and I would be delighted to read such treatises, but one cannot help smiling when reading phrases such as “if the recent … technological environment stays stable long enough” (HSC, 186), for this ‘long enough’ must indeed be a long time, the authors dealing with evolutionary scales. The phrase is naive, and it was already a little bit naive in 1995. In 1997 the computer Deep Blue beat the world champion at chess; today no human chess master can beat a computer. Exponential trends in the development of computing and other technologies have led some scholars to forecast a ‘singularity’ in the future, although I strongly object to the name because it compares something that has never happened yet under the conditions of our experience, namely an intelligence independent from genetic support, with things that cannot happen under no condition of our experience, namely infinite density in relativistic black holes and infinite heat in the relativistic Big Bang, so-called singularities of physics (see Thoughts III here).

Elsewhere (here, in French) I have stressed that genetic reproduction is a hindrance to knowledge transmission, because every new individual must be taught from scratch, and the loss of time and energy this state of affairs generates is tremendous. This, linked with certain characteristics of mental activity, has convinced me of an autonomous movement of technology towards the making of a new kind of being. Let me add the following. By responding to needs, technology has made the biological mechanisms that respond to those needs an encumbrance. It creates the need to get rid of these biological mechanisms, even though they are connected to the recipient organs of the service. In contemporary urban settings, people are compelled to devote significant portions of their time to futile physical exercizes, such as jogging on treadmills, with the sole aim of preventing their bodies from impairing their activity. Our bodies are not suited any more to the life we’re living.

To illustrate the autonomy of technological development, let’s take leisure. Technological conditions have been fulfilled for decades to put an end to most of human toil, but humanity keeps toiling. “Leisure is a condition for which the human species has been badly prepared, because until very recently it was enjoyed by only a few, who contributed very little to the gene pool.” (B. F. Skinner, Beyond Freedom and Dignity).

Only a collapse of the technological civilization could preserve genetic transmission. By reading Baker’s writings, one is primed, in a way, to see any achievement outside reproduction as castles in the air (however transient the priming may be and the final impression always that science must go on). This, in Ibsen’s famous play The Master Builder, is of what Hilde convinces the master builder Solness – he dies before eloping with her, by the way. Technology, however, is no castle in the air if its definition is: the making of a new being. DER GEIST is awakening.

January 3rd, 2016